Reflective Journal on Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3026 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Reflective Journal Communication is a two way process which acts as a channel to connect people and impart of opinions, thoughts, ideas, information or messages from one party to another party. It also plays a role in exchanging information whereby the receiver decodes the message and encodes the sender a feedback. This is the formal way to explain communication. Means of communication as different ways but we can define four ways of communication; forms, medium, the media and other kinds (Judith Dywer 2013). Communication provides make friends and connects people to each other. People make communication in order to make things happen in our lives and it is something that humans do every day. An effective leader, manager, legal practitioner, medical professional, social worker, accountant, human resource manager or person working in any other occupation is able to communicate and work with others in a purposeful, supportive and flexible manner (Judith Dywer 201 3). By having effective communication will help to achieves the intended outcome. As well as achieving the intended outcome, competent communicators also make connections and build ongoing relationships with others, whereas ineffective communicators raise barriers. Communication competence reflects our ability to interact and influence others in a variety of context. The ability to communicate also reflected in the quality and range or their communication skills (Judith Dywer 2013). In the year of 2010 after my O-Level examination, I was asked to help and join a charity group by one of my friends who work as a Gerontological nursing for one month in the old folks. Under her guidance, I act as her assistance. The majority patients are elderly adults. By doing this it required the knowledge about complex factors that affect the health of older adults as older adults are more likely than younger adults to have one or more chronic health conditions. With this, it is essential for me to develop a good relationship with them. Older people as individuals who have a wide range of health care needs, as I try a few comments to promote rapport:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Are you from this area?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Rapport talk usually is used to establish relationships and connections with others quickly. With established patients, friendly questions about their families or activities can relieve stress. In order to build an interaction, I must show up, sincerity, empathy and trustworthiness. Dilenschneider (1996) describes empathy as the foundation for the quality of a relationship. In satisfying relationship both parties have empathy for the otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view and are willing to provide sufficient and appropriate feedback to create mutual understanding. Implementation of interpersonal skills in communication could stimulate the effective communication and promote good relationships. Interpersonal skills are defined by the ability that acquired by an individual t o interact effectively with other people (Johnson 2008). As mentioned above, communication is the exchange (encode-decode) of opinions, information, thoughts and ideas through verbal and non-verbal, and both of them present simultaneously (Chitty and Black 2007, p.218). For information, verbal communication consists of all speeches whereas non-verbal communication consists of postures, gestures, tone, level of volume and facial expressions. It reminds me of one patient whom I call her as Mrs. Z, not an actual name (Appendix I) to keep the secrecy of patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data (Nursing Midwifery Council 2004). I was arranged to mental health care ward. Generally, there were two separated wards which were male and female ward. There is a small canteen which was shared by both male and female ward in the area of ward. The wards were locked up so there is only one main entrance. In addition, the female patients were encouraged to walk out from their ward and join with the male patients at the small canteen during their mealtime. During the lunch time, I noticed one old lady was still resting on her bed. She was Mrs Z, 76 years old been diagnosed a schizophrenia. Her muscle could not be controlled voluntarily; it also called as tremor which caused by the insufficiency of the substance. She was unable to move or walk herself and need to be helped if she wanted to move around. So I took the Mrs. Zà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to have her lunch and fed her on the bed. Due to her condition, this old lady loses the ability to feed on her own. Therefore, I need to check on her diet and serve her the meal and fed her meal until she is finished. Before I started to feed her, I presented myself and move toward Mrs. Z. I tried to develop a nice interrelationship with her so she would not feel weird as I was not part of her family members or relatives. My first approached was to ask whether she would like to take her lunch or not. She was having soft diet like low in residu e, easily to be digested as she was having difficulty in swallowing. If she wants to take her meal then I will ask for her permission to feed her. At first, she stared at me and looked like confuse. In this condition, I presented up my emphatic listening and I tried to put myself in her situation and what if I was having a hearing problem. Emphatic listening is defined by willingness to figure out the other person not just form an opinion on the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fact (Wold 2004, p73). Then, I touched her shoulder, continued saying and increase my sound a bit as I was concerned if she had a hearing impairment. At the same moment, I did some of the body gesturers which could be understood an action of eating. I paused a while and repeated my movements but this time I was using simple and straightforward words to her. She looked at me again and nodded with her head. Happily, the body language did aid in to improve my conversation with her. Nonverbal communication is more power ful than verbal communication in conveying emotions, attitudes and reaction. Movement of arms, hands, feet and head are closely oriented with the spoken words. They convey messages about emotions, feelings and attitudes (Judith Dywer 2013). With my understanding, I think I need to speak louder as she could hear it clearly and try to know more terms in her language so that she could figure it out and understand of my actions towards her. I assumed that the language barriers will discontinuities our verbal communication. Communication barrier happens when there are individuals come from a dissimilar social background and use their own slang or words in the conversations, as results in a misinterpretation of the message (Judith Dywer 2013). But, somehow, there is also the noise coming from the canteen that distorts the intended message. Noise is an interruption to the message or communication flow that can lead to misunderstanding. Noise is not a good environment for communication. Thi s indicates that the bad quality of the external environment and as well as the geographical distance can limit or inhibit effective communication (Judith Dywer 2013). Fortunately, those body gesturers could get her to understand that I was going to feed for her lunch. During the feeding time, I keep up with the eye contact in order to make her to feel better and less nervous. With keeping up my eye contact with her would show my willingness and interest to assist her in feeding. A capacity to ignore distraction and understanding the impact of moving into the personal space of others which said that the supportive of eye contact of the speaker without intimidating would express a sense of attention in the person to the other person that involves in that communication. (Judith Dywer 2013).In the time being, I tried my best to interact in the ways that she felt comfortable with. As a result, she gave a good support and take pleasure in the meal until finished. I feel that, I had made the right choice to go along with and give a hand Mrs. Z in feeding. One of the elements results in the lack communication is task-centred communication, but based on opinion, I think that task centred communication and patient centred communication and are involved in the relationship of communication (McCabe 2004, p.44). In my view, I show my empathy to Mrs Z as she was a patient who unable to feed herself. In addition, it was part of my duty to feed her and to ensure the patient get their best care in the ward. During the feeding, my non-verbal communication skill was able to be improved in my conversation with her. The non-verbal communication plays a role since she was suffering a hearing impairment and unable to interact in the first language properly. Non-verbal communication is essential especially communicating with the elderly people who having a hearing problem (Caris-Verhallen et al 1999, p.809). In order to improve the quality of interaction with people who having he aring impairment, there were some effective methods to deal with it. For instance, gaining the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention before speaking, making yourself visible to prevent them being frightened and trying to apply some sensitive touch (Hollman et al 2005, p31). To me, this is a very good and valuable experience because I can learn to develop my non-verbal communication. Due to the language barrier I used most of the body gesturers in my conversation with Mrs. Z. I tried to speak in her dialect as she was only able to speak very limited in the first language. Besides that, one specific type of non-verbal communication which was gesturers, designed to express thoughts and ideas and it was useful for people who unable to use much words (Wold 2004, p.76). Thus, I used my facial expressions to advise her so she could finish the meal. Mrs Z was unwilling to take the meal after few scopes, but I just smiled and told her that it was good for her health if she finished her meal. T hough I was unable to explain clearly the nutrition diet to her, I use my facial expression to encourage her to finish the meal which was prepared according to her condition and need. As according to Wold (2004, p.76), the most expressive is the facial expressions which are always unlimited to particular cultural and age barriers. The communication between Mrs Z and I was the interpersonal communication. The interpersonal communication was interaction which involved of two parties (Funnell et al 2005, p.438). During carrying out my duty, I realized that my nonverbal communication did improve and help me a lot especially when provide the caring to Mrs. Z. However, I found out the language barrier was one of the issues occurs within the communication even though she was able to get few simple phrases and words when I was doing some inquiry from her. Since the patient was not speaking in the official language, I tried to speak in her dialect. Thus, I still had the ability to handle the communication in our conversation but it was very challenging to create the effective verbal communication with the patient. Applying the nonverbal and the verbal communication simultaneously did encourage her to perform better. It was quite tough but at least this could make me understand what she tried to express. From the situation we can see that, when I was asking her questions there was a response from Mrs. Z. A communication occurs as long as an individual was responding to a message received and assigning meaning to it (Funnel et al 2005, p.438). She nodded her head to show that she agreed with me. One of the components of the communication process was the channel which act as a mechanism during the message is sending out (Delaune and Ladner 2002, p.191). Mrs. Z also used her body gesturers and eye behaviour as a feedback to me that she was able to understand it. Thus I could conclude that the form of communication that I used were visual and auditory. A feedback means t hat the sender is receiving the information after the receiver is reacting to the message (Delaune and Ladner 2002, p.191). While, according to Chitty and Black (2007, p.218), feedback is a response to a message. From my stand, I play a role as a sender to convey messages and Mrs Z, as the receiver who agreed to take meal and allow me to feed. Therefore, I could identity that the communication between Mrs Z and I was entangled of five elements of communication process (Delaune and Ladner, 2002, p.191). She needed quite sometimes to familiarise the changes in her day-to-day activities living where I was trying to facilitate her in feeding. In order to develop more skills in my communication, I was trying to involve my emotion and thoughts during the feeding. Eventually, the communication was successfully conducted as she delights in finishing the meal. So it is fundamental to develop rapport with her to inspire her capability to speak up verbally and non-verbal. Furthermore, this ability could help her to communicate successfully with other staffs. Next, people will pay more attention to her because of her oldness or her incapacity to understand the information given about her medication. Communications shows what the patients think and feel. By the way to communicate with adult, it is significant to assess her usual communication language and her ability to work together in the other languages (Hyland and Donaldson 1989). As I tried to use some of the words in her dialect, I basically try to encourage the patient to communicate verbally and non-verbal so that it could be understood. In my view, no matter it was task centred communication or patient-centred communication or both together mentioned by McCabe (2004) actually does involve in the communication with the patients. Therefore, it was not a difficulty to dispute which type of communication contains in my conversation with my patient. After examined the condition, skills and techniques for effective c ommunication with the patient that I had learnt likes the ways of approaching to the patient, asking questions, being an active listening, showing my empathy and comforting or handling the patient emotions (Walsh, 2005, p.34). Effective communication is vital in my duty as I want to know what they need the most during warded under my supervision. Based on my experience, I always learnt that the communication was the ultimate part to create a good relationship. With this, it express that a communication is the key basis of relationship (Wood 2006, p.13). Thus, a good communication must be existed to get to know the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s individual health condition (Walsh, 2005, p.30). Active listening is emphatic listening without two ways emotional involvement to the verbal and nonverbal component of a message. Distinction was existed between the presence of barrier communication when it get along with the patients (Judith Dywer 2013). As this is why active listening is a ve ry important part as in active listening means listening without making judgement and just listening to the patients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"complaints which give me chances to put myself in someones shoes (Arnold 2007, p.201). On the other side, it also crucial to dodge away with the barriers existed in the communication with the patients. When I was talking to the patients about their health condition or asking them if any assistance was needed in their daily activities, I still could sense the existence of the barriers of language. At the same time, I would also keep reminding myself of trying to avoid the barriers in my communication with people by using the open-ended questions but not to non-verbal cues, disrupting, judging and criticising (Funnell et al, 2005, p.453). By doing stereotyping or guesses about the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ views and first impression of patients and lack of consciousness of communication skills are the leading barriers to communications (Walsh 2005, p.31) . I must not judge the patients like donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t judge a book by its cover. In conversely, I have to make patients feel comfortable like a normal individual. An individual should be considerate to respect their fundamental values, culture, beliefs and individual ways of communication (Heath, 2000, p.27). So, I should be able to know on how to create interrelationship with the patients. The seven components which are becoming visible, anticipating needs, being reliable, listening, staying in control, being self-disclosure, caring and respecting for each patient as an individual, being humour when appropriate, educating the patient, distributing the patient some control, and using gestures to show some supports (Crellin 1998, p.49). These ways could provide some useful guidelines to me in order to enhance my communication skills with the patients. In addition, adding on my action plan list is essential as to identify the disabilities that the patients having such as hearing disability, mental disability and visual impairment. So, I could well-prepared my communication method effectively once I was able to identify the disability of patient. The particular skills and considerations should be acquired and required when communicating with people who suffered from sight impairment, hearing impairment and mentality problem (Heath 2000, p28). Furthermore, if the person could not understand, try not to repeat but to speak a little slowly and recast or put another way when interacting with the hearing difficulties people (Nazarko 2004, p.9). For information, in commonly, hearing impairment occurs among adults due to ageing process (Schofield, 2002, p.21). As for me, I would like start a communication with a good rapport in order to find out the factors that affect the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ability to interact well and try to avoid barriers in order to create a more effective communication in future. As a conclusion, communication is an important part of our everyday life. The suitable use of every part of the types of communication will leads to effective communication. Effective communication also helps to encourage a decent working relationship between you and your staff, which can sequentially improve morale and efficiency (Queensland Government 2015). As to be a people, who are successful in their profession are not only proficient in their functional and technical areas of expertise. They are also communication oriented with the ability to demonstrate professionalism, empathy, awareness and concern for others. They use good listening skills and understand their own concerns and needs. These people are open, approachable and supportive of others (Judith Dywer 2013). Reference List Judith Dwyer 2013, Communication for business and the professions: strategies and skills (fifth edition), published by PEARSON. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reflective Journal on Communication" essay for you Create order

Summary Of The Souls Of Black Folks - 1785 Words

W.E.B. Du Bois writes a collection of essays on race, preferably the African American race, entitled The Souls of Black Folks. In the forethought, Du Bois lets the reader know gather together an introduction of the rest of the book. He introduces you to his concept of â€Å"the veil† Drawing from his own personal experiences, Du Bois develops a remarkable book on how the world is divided by a color line. The divide being between white and privileged, and black and controlled. I will attempt to break down the thought process of Du Bois during the entirety of this synopsis of chapters 1, 3, and 6. How does it feel to be a problem? My immediate thought process to the question lead me to think of the strife happening the world as of now. I would add something though: How does it feel to be a problem when you have no idea as to what you have done? This question has yet to be asked because no one knows how to ask it or how to word it where it would be less harsh. Du Bois says his answer is seldom a word. I gathered from this answer that it is something that he doesn’t like to talk about. But who would want to answer such a delicate question? How would you even formulate such an answer? Du Bois realizes that within society he holds a low position in society. Chapter one discusses the struggles blacks endured during this time. The struggle to gain the right to vote, to obtain a good education, and to receive equal treatment and justice. I concluded that Du Bois puts the Negro raceShow MoreRelatedRemember the Titans Notes885 Words   |  4 Pagesvery hard on Blacks †¢ Black girl advocates Typical female roles †¢ Inner conflict rages within Boone †¢ Power Struggles †¢ Conflict in terms of friendship †¢ Team is gradually resolving community problems †¢ Paralysis has been taken away from him- Gerry physical †¢ Lastik goes to college †¢ Coaches have overcome their differences Techniques- †¢ Quote- IN Virginia, High school football is the way of life . 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Neural Basis of Conciousness

Question: Write an essay on "Neural Basis of Conciousness". Answer: Consciousness is viewed as one of the 'far outskirts' in present day science. The marvel appears to escape all endeavors to logical decrease, and some philosophers contend that we may never have the capacity to uncover its actual nature. Amid the most recent decades, the subject has been taken up by neuroscientists, attempting to locate the 'neural corresponds of cognizance's (the NCC). It appears. Nonetheless, this is not illuminating the question in any genuine sense. What might we find out about cognizance if we knew what neurons or cerebrum structures includes? I think the answer lies in taking an alternate methodology than finding the NCC. Our beginning stage ought to be neuroscience itself, not awareness (which is somewhat not well characterized in any case). I have conceived a speculation about how wonders like outwardly guided conduct, visual consideration, visual memory and conscious visual experience may rise out of various neural instruments. This speculation can be tried (and encourage refined) with examinations utilizing alert carrying on monkeys and human subjects, doing electrophysiological recordings and electrical and pharmacological controls, and also mind imaging (fMRI/EEG) tests. On the off chance that upheld by these examinations, this speculation will uncover that awareness is not what we think it is currently. It is unique about consideration, working memory, reportability, or 'considering'. In some cases, we may even be outwardly cognizant without knowing it ourselves. Along these lines, this new approach in contemplating cognizance, motivated on neuroscience instead of brain science or rationality, may uncover the genuine way of cognizance. In any event, we will learn new things about awareness, not available through our contemplative instinct of it, or using test perceptions which take this ability as a beginning stage. The answer will be: Yes, neuroscience can uncover the genuine way of consciousness. What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or FMRI? Practical Magnetic Resonance Imaging or FMRI is a non-obtrusive method for imaging the actuation of cerebrum ranges by various sorts of physical sensation (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) or action, for example, critical thinking and development (restricted by the machine). Consequently, FMRI sweeps are an inexorably standard instrument for "mind mapping" in subjective science. How Are MRI Machines Constructed? The development of MRI Machines has advanced to some degree throughout the years. Two variables have affected the advancement of MRI configuration; (1) the longing to upgrade picture quality and (2) The craving to make the scanners less binding for the patient/subject. The following are a portion of the configuration advancements acquainted with make MRI scanners less claustrophobic and permit the subject more flexibility for performing assignments while being checked. Figure 1 demonstrates a run of the mill MRI scanner where the subject almost encases inside the great container of the scanner. Figure 2 illustrates how architects the abbreviated the scanner burrow. Short-exhausted plans are less claustrophobic for the patient. These methods facilitate the feeling of incarceration, yet at the same time restrict the subject's capacity to participate in assignments. Stand-up scanners like the one appeared in figure 3 are more advantageous for patients and permit imaging in the ordinary disposition and weight-bearing conditions. The scanner is brought down around the subject, who sits on a customizable seat. Finally, figure 4 indicates open MRI scanners, which take into account a more noteworthy scope of the undertakings in issue and also facilitating the subject's feeling of repression. In spite of the fact that specifics of outline fluctuate, the essential components of an MRI scanner stay the same (See underneath). The scanner comprises a substantial magnet (blue) that makes the required attractive field. Magnet quality in MRI frameworks measures in units of exciting flux thickness called a "Tesla." A Telsa is sufficient attractive power to incite 1 volt of authority in a separate curl circuit amid 1 second of time for each square meter. 1 Tesla is proportional to 10,000 gausses, another measure of attractive power characterized as one line of authority for each square centimeter every second of time. Current magnet quality differs from 0.5-tesla to 2.0-tesla. Be that as it may, analysts created 3-tesla MRI scanners in the late 90's which are turning out to be more basic. To put those numbers in context, the Earth's attractive field is around 0.5-guass or .000005-tesla. Notwithstanding the primary magnet, there are additionally inclination loops (red). These slope curls are electro-attractive loops which experts use to adjust the attractive major field at exceptionally specific focuses and for unequivocally controlled times. Inclination curls can change to conform the machine for the sort of body material to image. Finally, MRI scanners additionally join radio recurrence curls which can send an engaged radio recurrence beat into the scanner chamber. Professionals can change the radio recurrence curls to modify for materials and body parts What does FMRI measures? When you say 'Brain movement,' numerous individuals first consider action maps created by functional, attractive reverberation imaging (fMRI; see figure 1). As a non-obtrusive braining imaging strategy, fMRI has turned into the go-to workhorse of subjective neuroscience. Since the principal papers distributed in the mid-1990s, there has been a blast of studies utilizing this procedure to study cerebrum capacity, from fundamental observation to psyche perusing for speaking with bolted inpatients or recognizing lies in criminal examinations. Taking care of business, fMRI gives unparalleled access to a point by point examples of movement in the sound human cerebrum; even from a pessimistic standpoint, fMRI could decrease to a costly generator of 3-dimensional Rorschach pictures. To comprehend the relative qualities and shortcomings of fMRI, it is fundamental to see precisely what fMRI measures. Without diving too profoundly into the low down (see beneath for further understanding), we w ill cover the rudiments that are fundamental for comprehension the potential and points of confinement of this ever prevalent and capable apparatus. "fMRI does not straightforwardly quantify mind movement." Above all else, power is the dialect of the mind. At any minute, there are an enormous number of modest electrical driving forces (activity possibilities) zooming around your mind. At synaptic intersections, these driving forces discharge particular chemicals (i.e., neurotransmitters), which like this adjust the electrical action in the next cell. It is the basic premise for neural correspondence. By one means or another, these procedures support each idea/feeling/activity you have ever experienced. Our test is to see how these electric occasions offer ascent to these wonders of the psyche. Nonetheless, fMRI does not precisely gauge electrical movement (analyze EEG, MEG, intracranial neurophysiology); yet rather it quantifies the strange results of neural action (the hemodynamic reaction). Strengths and Limitations of FMRI The huge point of interest of fMRI is that it doesn't utilize radiation like X-beams, figured tomography (CT) and positron outflow tomography (PET) filters. If done effectively, fMRI has no dangers. It can assess cerebrum work securely, noninvasively and adequately. fMRI is anything but difficult to utilize, and the pictures it produces are great determination (as itemized as 1 millimeter). Likewise, contrasted with the conventional survey techniques for mental assessment, fMRI is much more target. However, fMRI likewise has its disadvantages. To begin with, it's costly. Second, it can just catch a clear picture if the individual examined stays totally still. Also, third, specialists still don't totally see how it functions. FMRI measures of inhibitory control Inhibitory control in healthy people connected with a for the most part right lateralized system, including the IFG, ACC/presupplementary engine region (SMA) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and besides parietal and subcortical ranges, including the thalamus and basal ganglia.15,36,37 Experimental studies have given data on the particular commitment of these areas in actualizing inhibitory control. A late theory recommends that the privilege IFG, in inhibitory control, distinguishes behaviourally significant jolts (e.g., no-go or stop-signal boosts) in participation with the substandard parietal projection (IPL) and fleeting parietal intersection (TPJ) through its impacts on jolt driven consideration, which is a critical component of both go/no-go and stop-signal undertaking performance.1820 Given the nearness of the pre-SMA/dorsal ACC (dACC) to the engine territories, the capacity of this district might be reaction determination and overhauling engine plans.38 notwithstand ing frontal and parietal locales, the association of subcortical regions in inhibitory control entrenches through input circles that interface these areas with prefrontal and motor areas.15,36,39 As a broad premise of fMRI studies has reliably demonstrated that initiation in this corticalstriatalthalamic system is connected to inhibitory control in sound members, contrasts in mind actuation in this order amid the execution of inhibitory control standards in people with addictions in respect to controls can be deciphered as the nearness of neural shortages in inhibitory control in these people. FMRI measures of Error handling The essential part of the ACC in mistake handling proposed by ERP thinks about has been affirmed in fMRI concentrates on. All the more particularly, Ridderinkhof and colleagues24 recommend that the dACC/pre-SMA is reliably actuated amid checking of progressing conduct. A few specialists recommend that this locale screens reaction struggle or the probability of errors55,56 instead of mistake preparing as such. Two free meta-examinations have demonstrated that both reaction strife and reaction blunder enact the dACC.8,57 Functional MRI contemplates exploring mistake handling the further show that an active neural system coactivates with the dACC, including the respective insula, DLPFC, thalamus and right IPL.57,58 Functional cooperations among these locales have accounted for, particularly between the dACC and the DLPFC.59 Performance mistakes in the human cerebrum prepared by a neural circuit that broadens past the dACC and incorporates the insula, DLPFC, thalamus and parietal areas. This blunder making course all things considered screens and alter conduct when important. As the neuroanatomical substrate of mistake handling has reliably been shown in fMRI ponders in solid members, initiation contrasts between people with addictions and controls in this blunder preparing system might be translated as a neural correspond of conceivable error related shortfalls in people with addictions Conclusion fMRI is a standout amongst the most common strategies in intellectual neuroscience, and absolutely the most feature snatching. fMRI gives unparalleled access to the examples of cerebrum action fundamental human recognition, memory, and activity; yet like any strategy, there are critical confinements. To value these points of isolation, it is vital to see a portion of the essential standards of fMRI. References Baumgartner, R., Somorjai, R., Ryner, L. (2001). Are global methods appropriate for fMRI data analysis? An in vivo fMRI study of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of fMRI data. Neuroimage, 13(6), 74. Centeno, M. Carmichael, D. (2014). Network Connectivity in Epilepsy: Resting State fMRI and EEGfMRI Contributions. Frontiers In Neurology, 5 David, O. (2011). fMRI connectivity, meaning and empiricism. Neuroimage, 58(2), 306-309. Duncan, J. (2000). A Neural Basis for General Intelligence. Science, 289(5478), 457-460. Forrest, A. (2014). Conciousness altering drugs mans search for unreality. Res Medica, 0(0) fMRI, p. (2015). Concomitant physiologic changes as potential confounds for BOLD-based fMRI: a checklist. Gawda, B. (2012). Dysfunctional Love in Psychopathic Criminals: The Neural Basis. Neuroquantology, 10(4) Hriskos, C. (2005). Society for the Anthropology of Conciousness. Anthropology News, 46(7), 55-56. Lethbridge, D. (2008). Building Conciousness. Monthly Review, 40(5), 54. Neural basis of habituation. (2011). Nature India. Sad, B. (2010). Diffusion fMRI and BOLD-fMRI: Towards Better Understanding of White and Grey Matters Function. Front. Neurosci., 4. Sperling, R. (2005). fMRI features of AD: Distinguishing Alzheimers disease from normal aging and other dementias with fMRI. Alzheimer's Dementia, 1(1), S5.

Play It Again Rita Essays - English-language Films, Open University

Play It Again Rita The play Educating Rita by Willy Russell gained great popularity especially during the early eighties. There has also been a movie made from it starring Julie Walters and the more famous Michael Caine. As so often the case, the movie was more elaborate with additional scenes, some of which were spoken of or retold by the actors in the play. The movie also included several actors while the play only featured two, Frank and Rita. After having read the play and seen the movie I am struck by a number of differences. Seemingly subtle, many small details have a great impact on how the story can and is being perceived. The movie offers much more background information on other characters and events that are important to the story. 'The Screenwriter's Bible' by David Trottier offers a good insight in script writing and story structure. It deals with the basic elements of a typical screenplay, and explains what it actually is that an audience craves. Many of the principles can and should be applied to any story whether a screenplay, theatric play, novel or short story. The play is much more predictable in the sense that a great many things are bound not to happen on stage. In fact nothing taking place outside Frank's office can be seen by the audience. All action is inevitably confined within these four walls. When Frank invites Rita to his home for dinner in the play the audience are not set up for suspension as to how it will turn out since they already know that whatever happens will not take place before them, but will be retold. The movie is several scenes richer. Some of these scenes are in the play retold by the actors and some of them are not there at all. Scene three in act two begins with Frank cursing "Sod them-no fuck them! Fuck them, eh, Rita? Neither Rita or the audience have the first clue as to what he is referring to. As the dialogue progresses they audience is informed that he is upset because the students reported him since he had been very drunk while giving his last lecture. The audience never get to see the actual scene where this happens. The can never witness Frank staggering and slurring in front of the class. They are not given a fair chance to make an assessment whether they accept Frank's behavior and side with him, or if they think it serves him right to be reported. David Trottier claims "Never tell what you can show. Be as visual as possible. Rather than two ladies at tea commenting on the fact that Darla skydives for relaxation, show us Darla actually jumping from a plane, or show her coming home with a parachute and trying to stuff it into the closet." The fact that the audience meet with only two characters in the play is limiting in the sense that a lot of information is implicit or even withheld. David Trottier says "One key to making a drama dramatic is to create a strong central character with a powerful goal, and then provide a strong opposition character who tries to stop the central character from achieving this goal. This assures us of conflict. And conflict is drama." Denny, Rita's husband strongly opposes her spending time on education. He wants her to have a baby and become a house-wife and throughout most of the play he is trying make her quit what she is doing. Denny is definitely the opposition character. In the play Rita tells Frank that Denny has burnt all her books, and again the action is retold. In the movie we actually get to see the anger and frenzy of Denny, which gives a much more clear background and perhaps a deeper understanding of Rita's conflict with her husband. Another thing that sheds more light on things is the ending of the movie which makes for a more definite resolution. In the end of the last scene of the play Rita says "I'm gonna take ten years off you..." and then proceeds to cut Frank's hair. The movie takes us a little further. We get to

Employment Issues that Nurses Face an Example by

Employment Issues that Nurses Face The U.S. and the U.K as well as the Middle East countries have high demand for nurses. They even allow for hiring nurses from another country just to meet the number of nurses needed for their country. This becomes a very great opportunity for many nurses around the world to get an employment. The United States of America gives good benefits for their health professionals. Because of those benefits, the U.S. has lured so many Filipino nurses who wishes to obtain a green card and fly to the U.S. to earn dollars. Need essay sample on "Employment Issues that Nurses Face" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The Philippines is a third world country and faces a lot of economic crisis and one the manifestations of that crisis is the problem on employment. When foreign countries announced their intention of hiring Filipino nurses to work abroad, many Filipinos has decided to pursue a Nursing degree so they could come to America and make a living there. Many parents had influenced their children to get a Nursing degree, so, when time comes, they could work abroad and petitioned the whole family to be residents of the U.S. Even doctors have considered having a step down from their professions to work as a nurse because of the benefits. This has always been the case in the Philippineswhatever is in demand, they go for it, not minding if they really like what they have to do. There has been an issue of how Filipino nurses have been breaking some employment agreements. One has reported of how Filipinos only try their best to get to a foreign land but once they got in there, they would soon try to break rules. One of the complains about them is that, once theyve received their appointment in one hospital, they only perform their task for several months or a year, and then they get out of that hospital to be part of another hospital that is near a relatives or a friends house. Owners of hospitals have observed a lot of that case. It appears to them that the Filipino nurses only wishes to migrate to their land to become U.S. citizens and are only using their employment benefits to make their wishes easy to attain. Some have already expressed their disappointment over the matter. This must surely be brought to the attention of the Philippine government. Another issue about the nursing career is that which deals with the competencies of our nurses. Most people conceive nurses as assistants of medical practitioners. That is quite true because they really do give assistance to the medical practitioners. An issue here is about the roles of the nurses. Should the nurses always be a subordinate to the medical practitioners? Usually, it is the general practitioners who give assessments about the patients cases. An argument has been raised on how nurses should be independent and could give their own assessments on the patients. It is usually the medical practitioners who employ nurses to be their assistants throughout their practice. And it is usually the medical practitioners who give the job descriptions of the nurses. However, nurses should be practicing their own independence and authority. And, it should be the district health board that has the authority to give the roles of the nurses. This argument has been raised to bring out the best for the patients. This will also uplift the profession of the nurses. One factor that was given consideration was the type of relationship between two parties being a member of the team with one being the employee and one being the employee. It is quite difficult for the nurses to be acting as a nurse especially when the medical practitioner, who is the nurses employee, is contradicting the nurse. It becomes difficult for the nurse to play his part because of the awkward situation he is with his employer. References: Brinkman, Ann and Ruth Wilson-Salt. 2007. How employment structure affect nursing practice. Kai Tiaki: Nursing New Zealand. Jaymalin, Mayen. 2008. Economic lowdown dampens Pinoy nurses' desire to seek employment in US. The Philippine Star.

Shawshank Redemption Essay

Shawshank Redemption Essay Shawshank Redemption is a film, directed by Frank Darabont adapting it for screen, based on Stephen king novella Rita Hayworth and the shawshank redemption. This film takes the audience on a journey of despair and hope of individuals in Shawshank. Constant Routine, forced Conformity, power abuse and the struggle of hope The use of Film language (lighting, camera angles, music and different shots etc are accounted for in Shawshank prison presents to us in its opening shots of Dufresne as he arrives to begin his Double life sentences in a gray, lifeless area nothing but concrete blocks and bars. Every prison scen is framed by bars and dark, grays or blues as backdrop as this effect indicates the cruel nature of life and the control of shawshank within the lives of every individuals. The majority of scenes have no background music as the impact of silence represents the purpose in the lack of life. It is the Warden’s office where Andy locks himself in and plays Italian Opera over the P.A System. This is the only time in Which Music dominates a scene. This proves to us that Andy is different and shows that there is still hope and freedom within him. The one scene that made Andy and his CO-workers fell like men again was the roof top scene. The wide angle, establishing shot of the surrounding showing the true beauty of nature in bloom. This effect gives the idea to viewers that Shawshank prison exists to restrain individuals from experiencing the OuterWorld, and the beauty of nature again, but live in a place of slavery. Through out the film there has been a main theme or symbol, which is another use of language. The symbol of Jesus Christ. Andy represents Jesus Christ as freedom and hope was a main factor. His out-stretched hands after tumbling out of human wastage pipe represents, Jesus Christ on the cross. The last judgement when the Warden learns his fate, â€Å"Salvation lay withn† Andy Dufresne writes set in the book of exodus. The use of Film Language has been a main factor in contributing to this film â€Å" The shawshank redemption† Proving a point in scenes of power, abuse and the struggle of hope in which Andy tries to prove his innocence. The important of hope.

A contextualised analysis of MORRISON (WM) SUPERMARKETS PLC Coursework

A contextualised analysis of MORRISON (WM) SUPERMARKETS PLC - Coursework Example In the United Kingdom there are a total of 92,796 grocery stores which are broadly classified into the following four categories namely Convenience stores, Traditional retail, Hypermarkets, Supermarkets and Superstore and Online Channel. Among these, hypermarkets, supermarkets and superstores are the largest in the UK (Li, 2008). Morrison WM Supermarkets PLC, a publicly traded company, is a supermarket chain which offers a wide range of goods including branded ones and its own labelled products. They are the fourth largest food retailer in the United Kingdom by sales with 439 stores across Britain and an annual turnover of  £16 billion. The main speciality of this chain of supermarkets is its high quality fresh food at great prices. Morrison WM Supermarkets PLC was founded in 1899 by William Morrison. The company has developed from a single egg and butter stall in Bradford and has turned into one of the best food retailers in the United Kingdom. Starting from a small stall in Bradf ord in 1899, a new produce depot was opened in 1976. The company took over Whelan Discount Stores and started operating in Lancashire for the first time in 1978. The first Morrisons distribution centre was opened in 1988 followed by the opening of second distribution centre in 1997. ... They are the fourth largest food retailer in the United Kingdom by sales with 439 stores across Britain and an annual turnover of ?16 billion. The main speciality of this chain of supermarkets is its high quality fresh food at great prices. Morrison WM Supermarkets PLC was founded in 1899 by William Morrison. The company has developed from a single egg and butter stall in Bradford and has turned into one of the best food retailers in the United Kingdom. Starting from a small stall in Bradford in 1899, a new produce depot was opened in 1976. The company took over Whelan Discount Stores and started operating in Lancashire for the first time in 1978. The first Morrisons distribution centre was opened in 1988 followed by the opening of second distribution centre in 1997. It was in February 2004 the company went national by opening a store in Scotland. Morrisons became the fourth largest retailer in the UK in March 2006 by opening UK’s first BioEthanol E85 filling pumps. The compan y has 700 tractors and 1700 trailers distributing to the stores across the country and it is now the largest supplier of apprenticeships in the United Kingdom. The following are deemed to be the four important reasons why they occupy a unique position in the grocery market: 1. Quality: They ensure control quality by owning their own production facilities. 2. Insight: They know what they are buying and where it comes from. 3. Value: They buy direct and pass savings on to the customer. 4. Flexibility: They get their food in store faster and react to the market more quickly. (Morrisons, 2011a) The company’s overall turnover is 17,663, 000 GBP, net income is 690,000 GBP, total assets is worth 9,859,000 GBP and the number of employees is 131,207, number of recorded shareholders is 86

Mock trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mock trial - Essay Example Bianca and the defense team can consider a peremptory challenge (Tarr 130). The removal of the jury would weed out the biased jurors who would determine the case in favor of the plaintiff. The case of Davis v. HappyLand company evokes emotional that may attach some of the juror members to the loss of Andrea’s loss. The jurors would then determine the case with bias based on the common bond they have established with Andrea. The defendants should use the persuasion capability of the three attorneys to convince the court to consider the challenge. However, the attorneys are not required by the law to give any particular reason for the challenge. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen? We are here today to find out if that the death of Joey that occurred on August 2011 was caused by the negligence of her supervisors or HappyLand Company. The role of Joey’s caregiver will be put into perspective. We will provide evidence will proof why the plaintiff should not get damages. The findings of the pharmacology will also disapprove that the alleged cause of death though GHB product does not cause death unless ingested in large quantities. Therefore, the quantity of GHB contain in one Princess Bead cannot produce GHB that can be metabolized to a dangerous level. The company has met its burden of responsibility by providing sufficient warnings regarding the danger of ingesting beads. Joey does not fall into the age bracket that is targeted for the market of HappyLand Company. The defense team will provide witnesses and further evidence of proof beyond any reasonable doubt why the court should not pursue plaintiff consideration for damages. At the conclusion of this negligence trial, it is my sincere hope that in the interests of the justice you will find that the defendant is not responsible for the cause the loss of Joey. Thank you very much. We are here to determine a case where the plaintiff Andrea

Management, Leadership and Change assignment 2 Essay

Management, Leadership and Change assignment 2 - Essay Example According to Aluya (2009), successful transformation would require 70 – 80 percent leadership and only 10 – 30 percent management. Failure to plan is planning to fail. The foremost reasons following the botched change process is the opposition to change (Bean, 2014). A triumphant change principal will engage the members in the change process, and with this participation, the change will be probable. The purpose of the report was comprehensively to scrutinize the transformational leadership that permitted Nokia Corporation to remain a market leader for decades. Another mystifying issue that inspired the research was the fact that Nokia products were facing stiff competition from their close competitors like Samsung yet it was many older than them. It should be settled that Nokia, having been established earlier, should have conquered the market due to customer constancy and high excellence merchandise that are customer-tailored, but this was not the case. There has been the change of leadership from transformational to Democratic leadership style. The research tried to demystify the impact that different leadership styles in organisations in terms of morale of employees, the relationship in the group and the consequent effects of changing from one leadership style to another. The research had a purpose of indicating how beneficial transformation leadership was to the company and showed why the change of direction to Democratic led to market failure of a once giant company. Collectively, the report exemplified that failure to cope with change leads to enormous letdown. 6 Transformational leadership has pragmatically been the preference for extenuating change in a managerial space. An organisation’s survival in the current economic landscape entirely depends on how suitably and adequately it assumes its strategies. The zenith of managers should be well informed of the changes that occur in the industry and rapidly conforms

Origin of the Ifugao Tribe

Origin of the Ifugao Tribe The name of the chosen culture is Ifugao. The origin of the Ifugao comes from the term Ipugo, which means from the hill. According to their mythology, their name is derived from Ipugo which refers to the rice grain given to them by their God, Matungulan. Also, others say that the name comes from the word I-pugaw which loosely translates to inhabitants of the earth. Neighboring people refer to the Ifugao people as Kiangianl. Today, the people who inhabit this province refer to themselves as the Ifugao, although the area contains people who are not. The Ifugao culture inhabits an area of roughly 750 to 970 square miles in northern Luzon, which is located in the Philippines. The culture resides in the most rugged and mountainous parts of the Philippines, which is high in the Gran Cordillera Central in northern Luzon. The Gran Cordillera Central of Northern Luzon is consumed with a wide variety of natural areas. According to Fowler, The Gran Cordillera Central of Northern Luzon is a jumbled mass of lofty peaks and plummeting ravines, of small fecund valleys cleaved by rainfed, boulder-strewn rivers, and of silent, mist-shrouded, moss-veiled forests wherein orchids in their deathlike beauty unfold like torpid butterflies. The mountainous peaks rise from 1,000 to 5,000 meters and are drained by the waters of the Magat River. According to Siangho, Their neighbors to the north are the Bontco; to the east Gaddang; to the west Kankanay and Ibaloy; and to the south the Ikalaham and Iwak. It is believed the Ifugao were likely inhabitants of the nearby fertile plains, which is greatly opposite of their current dwelling. It is also believed that they were driven out of these plains by Malaysians because of their superior weapons. This is why they currently reside in the mountain side. The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelago of approximately 7,000 islands. The first people arrived about 100,000 years ago. These individuals were hunters and gatherers who survived off of the lands basic resources. Thousands of years later, people arrived from Asia and brought with them agricultural skills and social structure. From this cross-cultural intermingling, a culture was created and the Philippines was born. The language name of the Ifugao people is Ifugao. The language family proceeds like this: Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon South-Central, Cordilleran Central, Cordilleran Nuclear, and then Cordilleran Ifugao. Therefore, the language family of the Ifugao language is Malayo-Polynesian. There are Four divergent dialects of the Ifugao language: Amganad, Batad, Mayoyao, Tuwali, each with distinct varieties: Amganad: Burnay Ifugao, Banaue Ifugao; Batad: Ayangan Ifugao, Batad Ifugao, Ducligan Ifugao; Tuwali: Apao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, and Lagawe Ifugao. As stated by The Ifugao native people, The Ifugao have a language that changes from village to village. Dialect and change of pronunciation can make it a real challenge to maintain a conversation between neighboring villagers. However, an official language dictionary has been produced. Population within Ifugao society in the twentieth century has varied anywhere from 60,000 to over 100,000. According to Malone, Population density in some areas approaches 400 per square mile. The only architectural structures noted for this group of people are the houses in which they reside and their extensive rice patties that extend from halfway up the mountain side all the way down to the bottom of the valley. The Ifugao people live in hamlets. These are like tiny communities that are located alongside the mountain near an owners rice patty. There are approximately 8 to 12 houses per hamlet. There are also buildings for the unmarried, which is discussed later in this assignment. The houses of the Ifugao people are very small. The typical household consists of the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a family consisting of only a mother, father and their children. Once a child becomes a teenager and he or she is old enough to take care of his or herself, they go in live in either boy or girl homes. Typically the Ifugao house sits on four sturdy posts, with no windows. According to Fowler, Inside there is an open earth and stone fireplace for cooking and floor mats for sleeping and sitting. Family paraphernalia, such as baskets, bowls, clothing, skills (human and animal), and magic items, are hung from the walls or stacked on carved shelves. Although Ifugao houses vary little from this basic configuration, houses of nobility often feature differences, such as massive Hagabi lounging benches, decorated attic beams, kingposts and doorjambs carved with human effigies, and ornate exterior frezies portraying pigs, carabao and other animals. The adults and their smaller children (ones who cannot take care of themselves) live together while children who can maintain their own lifestyle live in different houses. When the teenagers reach the age where they become interested in the opposite sex, the male teenagers leave their house during the day to meet females in other houses. From this intermingling, couples eventually form. Soon after a girl becomes pregnant, the couple will wed. After marriage, the couple will either build their own home, live in a home of someone who has died without kids, or live in a home left by one of their parents. After they settle in to their house, it is the moms duty to take care of the child and the dads duty to provide for the family. People in the Ifugao culture live a very basic lifestyle to make a living. The usual lifestyle consists of agriculture and hunting, with anthropologists characterizing the adaptive strategy as agriculturists. According to Malone, Ifugao subsidence is derived principally from agriculture (84 percent) with an additional ten percent derived from the raising of aquatic fauna, such as minnows and snails, in flooded rice fields. The remaining six percent of subsistence involve fishing (fish, eels, frogs, snails and water clams); hunting (deer, wild buffalo, wild pigs, civet cats, wild cat, python, iguana, cobra, and fruitbat); and gathering of insects (locusts, crickets, and ants) as well as large variety of wild plants. As we can see, the main duties are tending to the rice patties. The men are usually the ones that participate in the hunting and fishing. When the men hunt after wild deer and pig, they usually use hunting dogs to assist them. The dogs are not raised to eventually eat (lik e some nearby cultures); the Ifugao people respect and admire dogs. The Ifugao political system is better characterized as a sociopolitical organization. According to the article, Ifugao Sociopolitical Organization, Traditionally, social differentiation has been based on wealth, measured in terms of rice land, water buffalo and slaves. The wealthy aristocrats are known as kadangyan. The possession of hagabi, a large hardwood bench, occurs their status symbolically. The Ifugao have little by way of a formal political system; there are no chiefs or councils. There are, however, approximately 150 districts (himputonaan ), each comprised of several hamlets; in the center of each district is a defining ritual rice field (putonaan ), the owner (tomona ) of which makes all agricultural decisions for the district. Government is poorly established among the Ifugaos. According to Malone, The functions of government are (or were) accomplished by the operation of collective kinship obligations, including the threat of blood feud, together with common understanding of the adat or custom law given the people by ancestor heroes, in particular the inviolability of personal and property rights. Men earn respect according to their rice patties. The bigger their patty is, the higher the status they have in the community. Also, within the Ifugao community, there is a rice chief. The rice chief is one of the leading priests and the people respect him for religious authority, but he does not have ultimate authority over the Ifugao people. For the most part, people are on their own when it comes to government control. According to Malone, Each sibling group is the center of an exogamous, bilateral kindred.: Essentially, this is descent traced and kinship groups assigned through both male and female lines with marriages being outbred instead of inbred relationships between families. Basically, people dont marry within their family, but outside of it. The adults and small children all live together. When the child comes of age, which is basically a teenager, they move out of their parents house and live on their own in a second house with other kids their age of the same sex. When the men begin to search for wives, they leave their houses during the day and the women stay in their homes to greet and welcome men. They start in a very cool and calm atmosphere, such as jokes and casual talk, but eventually relationships form. After a girl becomes pregnant, they will wed. At this point the couple will either build their house or inhabit a house left by their parents or someone who has passed away without children. When they are settled in, the mothers duty is to care for the child while the father hunts for food for the family. Marriage within the Ifugao culture is quite simple. The normal form of marriage in the Ifugao society is monogamy. Monogamy is being married to only one person at a time. Although monogamy is widely practiced, polygyny is practiced occasionally by the wealthy. Even thought the definition of polygyny is that either male or female may have multiple spouses, it is mainly the males that have multiple wives. In these situations, the first wife has higher authority and status than her co-wives. According to Malone, Marriages are alliances between kindreds. First cousin marriages are forbidden in practice and theory, but marriages to more distant cousins can take place. These marriages can take place with a payment of fines in livestock. The men are able to choose their wives within this culture. There are no established or set marriages for the Ifugao people. When the men are interested in marriage, they begin meeting other women in their society. When they begin their relationship, it is a very casual environment. Eventually it become serious, and after the woman is pregnant, the man and wife get married. They will then move into their own place together to begin their family. This seems pretty similar to the American marriage system on the fact that we look for and choose our own mate. Some people get married before they are pregnant while others get pregnant before they are married (although some people may never marry). I think this is definitely a culture I could be a part of, in the sake of their marriage system that is. Ifugao society is much separated. Men and women live apart unless they are married and/or brother and sister, but even at a certain age of childhood; they go and live on their own, away from their parents. Men are the ones who hold political power, or lack thereof, in the Ifugao culture. Usually, the only powerful people in this society are men who are respected because of their wealth. The division of labor is set between the genders as well. Since this a very simplistic culture, the women tend to the children and house work while the men tend to the fields of rice and hunting food for the family. I would call it a classic, nomadic style of life. Another note that women are not as powerful or highly touted as men is the fact that, in the case that polygyny does exist, it is with multiple wives and usually not multiple husbands. This form of marriage is very rare and only among the elite and rich people in the culture. For me, I wouldnt like to live within this culture. I think it is good for men and women to mix and mingle within the workplace, home, and political power. Men and women bring different ideas and ways of life to the table, and I think a successful culture allows men and women to intermingle freely. Therefore, I would not want to live in the Ifugao society. Religion is an essential part of the Ifugao culture and is significant in every phase of life. Their religion provides a means by with the unknown can be approached and understood. Ifugao religion is a very complex structure based on ancestor worship, animism, and magical power. According to Fowler The Ifugao pantheon consists of innumerable spiritual entities that represent natural elements, forces and phenomena in addition to ancestral and metaphysical beings. The trust and confidence that the Ifugao have in these beings allow them to face what is often a complex and frightening world with a great deal of confidence and understanding. They believe that the gods and other beings are approachable and can be influenced by the proper rites and behavior to intercede on behalf of an individual or the entire community. Generally the gods are viewed as generous and benign beings who enjoy feasting, drinking wine and chewing betel nut, as do the Ifugao themselves. However, the gods are quic k to anger and if ignored or treated badly can quickly become ill-tempered, demanding tyrants capable of causing misfortune and injury. The Ifugao people have created ceremonies to honor and respect their deities, although some are rarely acknowledged or called upon. Others, who control daily life, such as agriculture and health, are constantly worshipped and called upon. The greatest importances to the Ifugao are rice or agricultural deities which have the power to ensure bountiful crops and actually increase the amount of rice already in storage. Although the Ifugao have no knowledge in writing, they were capable of creating a literature that matches with some of the countrys finest in epic and folk tale. Their literature is passed orally. Their riddles serve to entertain the group as well as educate the young. One such example of an Ifugao riddle is, according to Siangio: Dapa-om ke nan balena ya mubuttikan nan kumbale. This translates to: Touch the house and the owner runs about. The answer is spider. When the Ifugao gather together, they use proverbs to give advice to the young. These proverbs are used to stress points. The ones who have gone to formal school begin their lectures before large meetings or gatherings with proverbs. Here are a few Ifugao proverbs according to Sianghio: Hay mahlu ya adi maagangan :: The industrious will never go hungry. Hay uya-uy di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan tago. :: The feast is the yardstick of a persons wealth. Hay itanum mo, ya hidiyeh aniyom :: What you have planted is what you will reap. Ifugao myths usually are about hero ancestors, gods and other supernatural beings. They story lines usually have these heroes facing problems that they are currently facing. This allows the Ifugao people to provide hope and comfort to their homes. When these stories are recited, they are usually in barked-out, terse phrases followed by the tulud, which means pushing. The tulud aims to bring the magical powers that stand behind the myth. At the end, the clincher kalidi is chanted and the narrarator enumerates the benefits which should be obtained from the myth. The myths are usually concluded with the phrase, because thou art being mythed. They have myths that cover common cultural stories such as: creation of the world, creation of man, great battles and epic struggles. They also have stories that cover other worldly known events, such as the great flood or Noahs Arc to the Bible. According to Sianghio, Other Ifugao legends that have been recorded include, The Legend of the Ambuwaya Lake; The Origin of the Pitpit or The Bird of Omen; Why the Dead Come Back no More; and How Lagawe Got Its Name. Other such important tales are the magical stories, called abuwab. These tales are believed to possess mystical powers. According to Siangho, Examples are the poho-phod and chiloh tales, which are usually told in death and sickness rituals. The abuwab is usually about the legendary husband and wife, Bugan and Wigan. Also, Siangho says, The Ifugao epics are chanted romances telling of the origins of the people, the life and adventure of the Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions.

Essay on the Devil in Paradise Lost, Holy Bible, Faust, and Devil and T

The Devil’s Role in Paradise Lost,   The Bible,   Faust, and  The Devil and Tom Walker  Ã‚   The devil's role as the inspiration for rock-and-roll is already well documented and commonly understood. Perhaps less well documented is the role of the Devil as inspiration for literature. The Devil has played an active role in literature for quite a while with his name appearing in stories for centuries. The historical devil has not always been personified. Initially, in religious settings, he was represented as a feeling or power, in attendance as the force of evil, an antagonist to goodness and divinity, and temptation for humans. Although not always represented as human, he has always been represented. In fact, demonstrating that he has always been an uneraseable threatening force, early religious accounts show that his existence actually "precedes the worship of a benign and morally good Deity."1 Much later, certainly by the time of the blues of the 1920s and 1930s, songwriters were repeating the tradition of representing the devil as a person. Perhaps the most famous example is Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues," in which the singer describes a dangerous meeting with the devil while hitchhiking. In southern literature, Flannery O'Connor drew from Poe and Hawthorne to illustrate this, as well.2 A few centuries of literary evolution have not only reconfigured the devil, they have shifted the site of his battles from the heavens to the earth. Essentially, his battles changed arenas three times.3 First, the devil battled God in their once-shared home -- the arena of Heaven. After this falling out, the devil and God competed for the hearts of men in parables, as in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. The third, mo... ... Rudwin, p. xi: "[W]hen Satan was asked to explain the cause of God's enmity...he replied: 'I wanted to be an author.'" 16 Carus, p. 407. 17 Russell, p. 12. 18 Revard, Stella Purce, The War in Heaven (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980), p. 234. 19 Levine, p. 403. 20 Saxon, Lyle and Robert Tallant, Gumbo Ya-Ya (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing, 1987), p. 80. 21 Irving, in Rudwin, p. 31. 22 Werblowski, p. 96. 23 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 154. 24 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 161. 25 Werblowski, p. 219. 26 Baudelaire, Charles Pierre, in Rudwin, p. 222. 27 Thackeray, William Makepeace, in Rudwin, p. 79. 28 Poe, p. 482 29 Caballero, in Rudwin, p. 157. 30 Carus, pp. 407. 31 Carus, p. 7. Also, "...there seems to be no exception to the rule that fear is always the first incentive to religious worship." Carus, p. 6. 32 Russell, p. 12. 33 Rudwin, p. xi.

An Analysis on “The Pedestrian” Essay

In â€Å"The Pedestrian† Ray Bradbury wanted to portray an event that happened one night while taking a walk with a friend, stopped by a police officer who didn’t get why they was walking and stated â€Å"Well don’t do it again†(Person 50). The characterization and symbolism in this short story demonstrate how society might turn out when humankind depends upon technology. â€Å"We have too many cell phones. We’ve got too many internets. We have got to get rid of those machines. We have too many machines now† (time 1) even today Bradbury shows his distrust in technology through this quote given a month before his 90th birthday. Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"The Pedestrian† shows his own distrust of technology, and view of how society will end up if to reliant on technology. Through characterization, Ray Bradbury shows that if humankind advances to a point where society loses all humanity, then humankind is better off ceasing to exist. Mead is in many ways Bradbury’s only true representation of humanity left in the year 2053 A.D., through describing him as have a â€Å"shadow of a hawk† (26), which relates him to a wild free spirited bird. Mead is also seen as humanity because he is associated with light, which is symbolic for soul, Meads house beams â€Å"loud yellow illumination, square and warm in the cool darkness† (29). While the loss of humanity is displayed in the â€Å"lone† â€Å"metallic voice† that the robotic cop car has and in the descriptions of the towns’ people being â€Å"gray phantoms† that live in â€Å"tomblike buildings† in a â€Å"graveyard† of a town showing how the life of the town dies with the sunset(25-26). In multiple ways one can see how Ray Bradbury is Mead himself. Bradbury’s love for writing can be related in essence to Meads love for walking. While Mead and Bradbury are directly related due to both of them are writers. Bradbury stated â€Å"[Television is] a really dreadful influence on all of us† while Mead doesn’t even own a television which relates in a way that they both dislike the television altogether. The short story shows the not too distant future in an unfavorable light. The once free thinking society has been corrupted by the simple convenience of technology. Bradbury shows his own distrust by demonstrating how  technology will make humankind lazy and useless. As shown in the title walking has become obsolete, Mead is not a pedestrian; he is, in a city of 3 million people (27), the pedestrian. Bradbury demonstrates that if not controlled, technology in the near future will do as it wants, when it wants. In this short story Bradbury demonstrates how the television has destroyed literature and society as well through Meads thoughts â€Å"Magazines didn’t sell anymore. Everything went on in the tomblike houses at night now†, â€Å"the tombs, ill lit by television light, where the people sat like the dead† (28, 29). While also showing through the cop car how writers job is not the only job ceasing to exist by stating â€Å"the force had been cut down from t hree cars to one. Crime was ebbing; there was no need now for the police† (27). Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. â€Å"The Pedestrian†. 1951 Friedman, Megan. Ray Bradbury Talks Technology, Time Newsfeed. 8/17/2010 Person, James E. The Masterly Bradbury, pages 49-51 National Review, 5/23/2005 Spaceagecity.com/Bradbury/quotes. The Quotable Bradbury

Hoang Vinh Case Study essays

Hoang Vinh Case Study essays Hoangs interpretation of education is one that relies on the understanding of the concepts rather than that of his homeland, Vietnam, which is the memorization of every word that the teachers spoke. He has some problems with his English and therefore does a much better job understanding when he works in groups. Hoang wants to get his education to make him a better person rather than get an education to get a job that can earn him lots of money in the future. He does understand that it takes an education to get a job and that is a part of it, but the monetary concept is not as great as many of his American peers. His wish is to make enough money to support his family, but also to help those less fortunate; he seems to be a very selfless person. Another example of Hoangs selflessness is the fact that he does not want to ask his guidance counselor for help in getting his college preparation because his counselor has so many other students that need help and he doesnt want to bother him. It is very admirable, but at the same time I feel he needs to help himself as well. Hoangs family and heritage is extremely important to him. He strongly supports the fact they only speak Vietnamese at home and eat traditional Vietnamese meals. It does somewhat surprise me that he does support the Vietnamese language to the extent that he does because he often criticizes himself for not speaking good English and the more he would speak the better he would become. His heritage is more important. And extending that spirit of heritage along to his siblings is important as well. He encourages the writing of letters to their parents in Vietnam and the speaking of their native tongue at home. ...

Challenges of Being an Exchange Student essays

Challenges of Being an Exchange Student essays I was born and raised in Hong Kong. Living in a city that is always hustling, my life was very structured. I was always doing my homework or preparing for my exams. My schedule hadnt changed much since the day I went to school. I never had too much time to think about who I am and who I wanted to be. As I am getting older, I often ask myself, why I couldnt live a more interesting life and get rid of my structured one. One morning, I was walking to school from the subway station and I saw a huge billboard with a group of teenagers of different ethnicities. All of them had a cheerful and sincere smile on their faces. Connecting Lives. Sharing Cultures, the slogan of an intercultural exchange organization on the billboard had caught my attention. I had always been dreaming about living in another country and to experience a brand new culture. After a few days of researching and negotiating with my parents, I decided to be an exchange student. Welcome to the Music City, Nashville! the flight attendant announced. After an exhausting fifteen hours flight, I had arrived to the place where my life-changing intercultural journey started, Nashville, Tennessee. As I was walking towards the arrival lobby, my eyes were opened wide trying to find my host family, a family that I had never met in my life. After a few minutes of searching, I found my host mom holding a paper board with my name on. I was so excited and also nervous as I didnt know what to expect. I walked up to her and quickly introduced myself as she introduced herself and her family members who were standing next to her. We then went home and got settled down. Everything seemed to be working out perfectly, but as days went by, I started to experience all kinds of cultural shock. Hey mom, if... I want to go out and get groceries, wheres the closet bus station? I asked my host mom with my broken English. Um...t...

EC201 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EC201 - Essay Example For the top 1% income has soared by 200%, but for the average people income has only risen by 30%. A way to reduce battle against the income disparities in the population is by increasing the level of education attainment. The income gap that exists between a person that has a high school degree and a college graduate with a bachelors degree is approximately $23,000 a year. Over a lifetime a person with a college degree will earn 75% more than a higher graduate while a person with a graduate degree with earn four times more. Income data can be presented graphically using a Lorenz curve. A Lorenz curve is a curve that shows cumulative shares of income received by individuals or groups. It was developed in 1905 by Marx Lorenz. The distribution of US income shows that the Lorenz became more bowed out between 1968 and 2006. The Gini coefficient measures the ratio between the Lorenz curve and the 45 degree line and the total area under the 45 degree line. The Gini coefficient in the United States in 2006 was 0.46. A form of inequality that has risen since the 1960’s is an increase in the number of families headed by women. Technological changes have influenced the demand for labor. The demand for skilled labor has risen while the demand for unskilled labor has declined. The result has been an increased in the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers. Along with new technologies firms are adopting new management styles that required stronger communication skills. The intellectual gap will continue to widen as we move further into the 21st century. Future generations are going to become more educated than ours in order to survive. In our current workforce some of the changes in include the use of production teams and small assembly line work units. Due to the fact the people are being force to work together interpersonal and communication skills have become critical skills employees have to master. College graduates entering the workforce

Will special programs for reconvicts reduce recidivism Essay

Will special programs for reconvicts reduce recidivism - Essay Example The study will focus on the area covered by the Metropolitan Police force and the State of Colorado in the U. S. A. it will compare and contrast the statistics relevant to the study. The convicts who have been reconvicted and those who have not been will also be compared and contrasted to study whether there is a class of persons more likely to reoffend than others. The histories of both the classes of convicts will be studied to determine the necessary steps to be taken for the prevention of recidivism. The results of this study will be utilized to identify the most representative of reconvicts will be formed. Experimental groups of the classes will be identified. The experimental groups will be given correctional lectures, incentives for good behavior including the shortening of the period of notification and a role in social aid for police forces (volunteering for traffic police duties etc.) apart from psychotherapy and counseling. Persons in each group will be selected randomly. The study will be done with the aid of secondary data in the form of the records maintained in the form of Violent and Sexual Crimes Register, Offenders Index and the National Police Register in the United Kingdom and the similar records in the U. S. A.

Criticall review for secure Database Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criticall review for secure Database - Essay Example One of the reasons for not implementing secured databases is the improper design that does not act in accordance to organizational security policies. This document presents the importance of database security and critically reviews the various reasons for improper security implementation. Moreover, the document provides comprehensive analysis of the techniques and strategies are being utilized to overcome the database security issues (Abramov, Anson, Dahan, Shoval and Sturm, 2012). Database Security The database security is concerned with the unauthorized access or misuse of the authorized user which leads to the leakage of personal or potential information. A database is said to be a reliable data storage source if it does not compromise on confidentiality (data security), integrity (the correctness of data) and availability. The integrity of data is dependent on the data gathering and storing process, moreover, if the database could be accessed by unauthorized users can influence t he correctness of data. ... Moreover, the data can be made secure by the application security and database integrity controls (Oracle, 2003). Logical and Physical Database Security The Elmasri and Navathe in 2004 a methodology have been introduced for developing a database design. The database designing methodology has following three (3) main phases include: the Conceptual database design, Logical database design, and Physical database design. As the objective of this document s to present a review of the database security concerns for avoiding illegal access, therefore, the document limits the discussion to the logical database design phase. In order to implement the security policies, the logical database design is the most critical phase. The database security can be implemented while designing the database and developing the software application. There are certain techniques need to be implemented for the development of a secured database. One of the techniques is the general security specification techniq ue that can be implemented using Unified Modeling Language (UML) use cases. In order to implement the user privileges the database designer needs to implement the access control specification technique. One of the limitations of these techniques include these methods do not have provisions to tackle the organizational security policy. Keeping in view the limitations, a new security model has been suggested in which the database designers can implement the organizational security policy patterns which would be implemented while application development. In the design phase the database designers can develop security constraints following organizational policy. The

Historical look at corrections systems Essay Example for Free

Historical look at corrections systems Essay Criminal justice refers to the system used by a government to maintain social control, prevent crime, enforce laws and administer justice. Law enforcement (police), the courts and corrections (prisons) are the primary agencies charged with these responsibilities. The discussion contained in this paper is on the corrections as a division in the criminal justice system. World over, the police are invloved in law enforcement. Those who break the law, regarded as offenders, are charged in a court of law and if found guilty are passed over to the corrections. Corrections, according to (The Wikipedia encyclopedia, n. d. ) Rretrieved March 14, 2007, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Prison database, refer to one of the components of the criminal justice system that serves to punish and in many instances rehabilitate criminal offenders. Sentences given to offenders range from probation to serving time in prison, or community corrections program, home confinement, and electronic monitoring. Financial penalties may include fines, forfeiture, and restitution. World over, prisons remain the primary type of institution for housing offenders. Prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility, Wakipedia encyclopedia says, is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned, and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms. The prison, says (The Howard League for Penal Reform n. d. ) History of Prison: Retrieved March 14, 2007, from http://www. howardleague. org/ database, is â€Å"just one of a number of sanctions available to the courts to deal with those who commit criminal offences. † A historical look at corrections systems: In the 16th and 17 century, according to The Howard League for Penal Reform, sanctions for criminal behaviour tended to be public events which were designed to shame the person and deter others; these included the ducking stool, the pillory, whipping, branding and the stocks. At the time the sentence for many other offences was death. Prison tended to be a place where people were held before their trial or while awaiting punishment. Men and women, boys and girls, debtors and murderers were all held together in local prisons. It was very rarely used as a punishment in its own right. The correction system, by all standards was quite brutal as after one being convicted, he or she was either subjected to instant punishment such as whipping or even death. Howard League of Penal Reform says that â€Å"Evidence suggests that the prisons of this period were badly maintained and often controlled by negligent prison warders. Many people died of diseases like gaol fever, which was a form of typhus. † Houses of correction were originally part of the machinery of the Poor Law, intended to instil habits of industry through prison labour. Most of those held in them were petty offenders, vagrants and the disorderly local poor. By the end of the 17th century they were absorbed into the prison system under the control of the local Justices of the Peace. The league points out that although the 18th century has been characterised as the era of the Bloody Code there was growing opposition to the death penalty for all but the most serious crimes. Such severe punishment was counter-productive, as jurors were refusing to find thieves guilty of offences, which would lead to their execution. At this time many jailers were unpaid and they earned extra money by charging prisoners for food, drink, fuel, beds and blankets. Some jailers would put shackles and manacles on prisoners and would charge fees for them to be removed. Many prisoners were bullied by jailers and other prisoners, and would often have to pay a form of protection money. By the mid-18th century imprisonment, with hard labour, was beginning to be seen as a suitable sanction for petty offenders. â€Å"Transportation was a much-used method for disposing of convicted people. Convicts were shipped to the British colonies like America (until the end of the American War of Independence in 1776), Australia, and Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania),† writes the league. But transportation was curtailed at the end of the 18th century. Other sanctions therefore had to be found. The two prominent alternatives were hard labour or incarceration. In 1777, there were condemnations of the prison system as disorganised, barbaric and filthy with calls for reforms including the installation of paid staff, outside inspection, a proper diet and other necessities for prisoners. Penal reformers also ensured the separation of men and women and that sanitation was improved. Various Acts were also put in place that gave specifications of the measurements for prison cells. In the 19th centruary capital punishment begun being regarded as an inappropriate sanction for many crimes. The shaming sanctions, like the stocks, were regarded as outdated. The 1800s saw the introduction of new systems and a tightening of the prison regime. The Silent and Separate Systems were used either to keep a regime of silence or to keep prisoners in solitary confinement. The idea being prisoners could not infect each other with criminal ways. These methods were soon criticised with people citing the high incidences of insanity amongst prisoners. Improvements were made in 1815 when an Act was passed to prevent jailers from charging prisoners. The state now paid jailers, while magistrates were given the responsibility of inspecting the jails. By mid-century, imprisonment had replaced capital punishment for most serious offences except for that of murder. Ideas relating to penal reform with the rehabilitation of offenders were becoming increasingly popular. The 19th century saw the birth of the state prison. † This is the period, which also saw prisons being controlled centrally. At this time prison was seen primarily as a means to deter offending. This was a movement away form the reforming ideals of the past. By 1877 all prison staff were salaried and commissioners stressed that staff would be selected on merit alone. In late 1890s, many governments put in place Acts that saw the abolition of hard labour, and established the idea that prison labour should be productive, not least for the prisoners, who should be able to earn their livelihood on release. In the 20th centruary, the development of the prison system gained momentum. In 1919 prison warders were renamed prison officers. Separate confinement of prisoners was abolished in 1922 and soon over 400 voluntary teachers started work in prisons. Pollock M. Joyceline (Google Book) Prisons Today and Tommorrow , Jones and Bartlett Publishers, (pg 318) says that beginning in the 1960s, mere confinement in prison was no longer viewed as sufficient to correct deviant behavior. Rehabilitation programes (vocational training, education, counceling, and psychotherapy, work release, furloughs and self improvement activities) were introduced inot prisons that had previously custody as the sole organizational goal. Fundamental to this emphasis on rehabilitation was an expectation that correctional officers should move beyond the comfortable, clearly defined security role and function in the more ambigious role of the highly qualified human service-oriented professional capable of assisting in rehabilitation of the offender, (Pollock M). Howard League of Penal Reform says that the 1990s have also seen the introduction of prisons which are designed, financed, built and run by private companies. Supporters of privatization argue that it will lead to cheaper, more innovative prisons, with critics arguing that private prisons are flawed both in principle and in practice. Today, correction systems, in many nations, adhere to the fundamental human rights. Prisons today are more civilised in regime and conditions. Prison officers are involved in administering rewards to prisoners for good behaviour as well as overseeing better prison facilities such as gymnasiums, prison shops, health care and training. In England and Wales running water and toilets are now installed in 98 percent of prison cells. Education, work and programmes to tackle drug addiction, offending behaviour and bullying are now commonplace. Certainly conditions have changed for the better, but these changes should not be confused or considered to be making prisons easy, more tolerable perhaps. Prison is about taking a persons liberty away, doing so is the real punishment.

Photography vs. Text Essay -- Art Writing Literature Essays

Photography vs. Text Man's first step on the moon, the Hindenburg Disaster, The Gold Rush of 1849, The Great Depression, and the realities of Vietnam are all in our memory because of one thing: photography. Many may not remember what literature and history books say about the war in Vietnam, but what about the graphic photo of a South Vietnamese Buddhist burning himself alive? Some may not recall the words of news anchor Walter Cronkite as he announced the death of President Kennedy, but may reminisce on what film captured-- first he took off his glasses, next he looked you straight in the eyes and delivered the message in a straightforward and serious matter: "Three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade in downtown Dallas." (qtd. in Bestor) Cronkite remembers it as "the only time (he) ever broke down while on the air." (qtd. in Hayes) An hour and a-half later, According to the World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia, photography froze history as Lyndon B. Johnson made his presidential oath on Air-Force One. Jackie Kennedy watched on with ineffable emotion. ("Kennedy"). Two days later was the assassination of Lee Harvey Oswald, captured by a photographer at the exact moment that Jack Ruby pulled the pistol and shot Oswald point-blank. The picture-- depicting the horror on Oswald's face and Jack Ruby's expression of anger-- won the 1963 Pulitzer Prize for photographic journalism. Edward Steichen said to TIME reporters in 1961 that "photography records the gamut of feelings written on the human face, the beauty of the earth and skies that man has inherited, and the wealth and confusion man has created. It is a major force in explaining man to himself." (Eurlich and DeBruhl 505.) Steichen was a pioneer in ... ...t to lose." (Eurlich and DeBruhl 126) These great pieces of art are primarily so for their ability to freeze time in a split second. No other art form in the world, not even literature, can match that. Works Cited Eurlich, Eugene, and Marshall DeBruhl. The International Thesaurus of Quotations New York: HarperPerrenial, 1996 World Book Multimedia Encyclopedia San Diego: Ivid Communications, 1997 Bestor, Mary Jane. JFK Death: Sunday Was 35th Anniversary News Article 21 Jun. 2000 <http://www.wcco.com/news/stories/news-981123-055109.html> Hayes, Ace R. A Reporter's Lie: Cronkite and the Party Line (Book Review) 22 Jun. 2000 <http://www.radio4all.org/pfp/cronkite.html> Newmann, Renee M. Dyslexia: Explanations from Science Dyslexia & Dyscalculia Support Services of Shiawassee County. 24 Jun. 2000 <http://www.shianet.org/~reneenew/dysl.html>