The, Medicine Man, By Dr. Campbell - 854 Words

Movies are a source of entertainment across the world with multiple genres. What makes movies appealing to some viewers is the portrayal of accurate events in history or current events. While watching the movie â€Å"Medicine Man,† I have interpreted accurate evidence that is shown throughout the movie. One of the accurate portrayals in the movie was how the directors utilized the field of anthropology. Cultural relativism, which is the idea to not judge another culture with the beliefs of your own culture, was a major theme in the â€Å"Medicine Man.† This was conveyed through Dr. Campbell who lived with this native group for a time and instead of making judgements towards this unique and dissimilar group, he accepted them for who there are. Althought his research for curing cancer was why he was there, he did not dedicate his whole time to his research. Dr. Campbell learned the natives language and interacted with them on a daily bases. He also used his biological knowledge to cure some of the sickness that was brought into the village. This led for the people to call him the â€Å"Medicine Man.† Due to his altruistic actions, the people accepted Dr. Campbell and looked at him as a friend. Another man who used cultural relativism was Napoleon Chagnon, who did a case study in Brazil and Venezuela on the tribal group, the YÄ…nomamà ¶. He had a challenging start when he first stepped into the tropical forest that the natives inhabit but over time that changed. In the beginning the YÄ…nomamà ¶Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Medical Research On Professional Sports2097 Words   |  9 PagesCampbell 1 Brian Campbell Ms. Vyse English II Honors 24 March 2016 The Effect of Medical Research on Professional Sports in Concussion Football fanatics across the world live for the huge jarring hits that leave players laying on the field in shock. The reaction these hits elicit are what keep fans engaged in the game and make them scream and shout. However, these hits may not be as ?cool? as people think they are; beginning around the year 2000, retired athletes of all sports, primarilyRead More Charles Darwin Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin was a man who shaped the way in which we think about evolution in modern times. He brought forth and described the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. To fully understand modern evolutionary thoughts it is necessary for one to completely understand the early theories of Charles Darwin. In this paper I will provide the reader with a complete background on Charles Darwin, describe his voyage on the HMS Beagle, and discuss his theory of natural selection. Read MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesphysical or emotional pain. Cannabis has been known to man since as early as 7000 B.C. (Marijuana Legalization Timeline). In 1619, the colony of Jamestown in Virginia passed the first cannabis-related law, stating that it is required for all farmers to grow cannabis sativa or hemp plant because of its strong fiber that they used to make rope, sails and clothing (Marijuana Legalization Timeline). During the 1800s, cannabis extract medicines were produced by American pharmaceutical companies suchRead MoreJames Marion Sims: Monster or Miracle Worker?2932 Words   |  12 Pagesto these appalling acts, as so many textbooks and medical journals have. Since its birth, the politics of medicine has perpetuated a racial hegemony and the combination of Sims and his procedures on slaves only deepened the roots of racism and its abuse in science. Medical experimentation on slaves was not new in 1850. For example, Dr. Dugas pioneered eye surgery procedures on slaves and Dr. Boylston had administered 250 smallpox inoculations on black men and women (Washington 2006). Usually, withRead MoreComputers And The Field Of Computer Engineering1571 Words   |  7 Pagesshape and be the cornerstone of a new step in making history and a new age of computing. That great leap towards the future is quantum computing and in the last two years theirs been a lot of new and exciting developments that will be discussed. The man who first came up with the idea was Feynman a physicist who encountered a problem with classic computers. That they just couldn’t handle the amount of variable or simulate quantum physics he came up with the first concepts of a quantum computer. QuantumRead MoreKennedy Is an American Tragic Hero1695 Words   |  7 Pagespossess four of the six traits a tragic hero must possess. This will be proven through the use of credible sources and explanation of these four traits. President Kennedy easily qualifies for the first rule of being a tragic hero because, he was a man of noble stature and greatness. Kennedy accomplished noble stature and greatness before he became president when he wrote a Pulitzer Prize novel, saved his men in the Navy when he was a PT Boat Skipper, and eventually when he became the president. InRead MoreHerbal Remedies : A Natural Antibiotic And Immune Booster1952 Words   |  8 Pagesnot as concentrated as antibiotic drugs, most people find it gentler on the body, without the side effects of many drugs. Garlic also does not seem to contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant germs, a major concern with conventional medicine today. Another unique property of raw garlic is that it fights fungal infections and viruses as well as bacteria, (unlike conventional antibiotics) so you may actually be able to naturally treat certain conditions that would not be treated at allRead MoreFast Food Advertising Causing Obesity1916 W ords   |  8 Pagesrestaurants in over 100 countries all over the world. Fast food is a major health issue because it causes obesity, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure. Fast food is a major health issue because it causes obesity. In the article, â€Å"Obesity and Fast Food†, Dr. Anaya Mandel claims, â€Å"It is well known that eating out may lead to excess calorie intake and increases the risk of obesity because of large portion sizes and increased energy density of foods†(1). This author is stating that restaurants such as McDonald’sRead MoreCoca-Cola Background5672 Words   |  23 Pagesdesign or accident, carbonated water was teamed with the new syrup, producing a drink that was proclaimed Delicious and Refreshing. Dr. Pembertons partner and bookkeeper, Frank M. Robinson, suggested the name and penned, in the unique flowing script that is famous worldwide today, . 1886 - Sales of Coca-Cola averaged nine drinks per day. That first year, Dr. Pemberton sold 25 gallons of syrup, shipped in bright red wooden kegs. Red has been a distinctive color associated with the No. 1 softRead More Imagination and the Holocaust Essay example2748 Words   |  11 PagesImagination and the Holocaust The great secret of morals is love; or a going out of our own nature, and an identification of ourselves with the beautiful which exists in thought, action, or person, not our own. A man, to be greatly good, must imagine intensely and comprehensively; he must put himself in the place of another and of many others; the pains and pleasures of his species must become his own. -- Percy Bysshe Shelley, A Defense of Poetry I believe that truly humane learning

Erwin Schrödinger and the Schrödingers Cat Experiment

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrà ¶dinger (born on August 12, 1887 in Vienna, Austria) was a physicist who conducted groundbreaking work in quantum mechanics, a field which studies how energy and matter behave at very small length scales. In 1926, Schrà ¶dinger developed an equation that predicted where an electron would be located in an atom. In 1933, he received a Nobel Prize for this work, along with physicist Paul Dirac. Fast Facts: Erwin Schrà ¶dinger Full Name: Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrà ¶dingerKnown For: Physicist who developed the Schrà ¶dinger equation, which signified a great stride for quantum mechanics. Also developed the thought experiment known as â€Å"Schrà ¶dinger’s Cat.†Born: August 12, 1887 in Vienna, AustriaDied: January 4, 1961 in Vienna, AustriaParents: Rudolf and Georgine Schrà ¶dingerSpouse: Annemarie BertelChild: Ruth Georgie Erica (b. 1934)Education: University of ViennaAwards: with quantum theorist, Paul A.M. Dirac awarded 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics.Publications: What Is Life? (1944), Nature and the Greeks  (1954), and My View of the World  (1961). Schrà ¶dinger may be more popularly known for â€Å"Schrà ¶dinger’s Cat,† a thought experiment he devised in 1935 to illustrate problems with a common interpretation of quantum mechanics. Early Years and Education Schrà ¶dinger was the only child of Rudolf Schrà ¶dinger – a linoleum and oilcloth factory worker who had inherited the business from his father – and Georgine, the daughter of a chemistry professor of Rudolf’s. Schrà ¶dinger’s upbringing emphasized cultural appreciation and advancement in both science and art. Schrà ¶dinger was educated by a tutor and by his father at home. At the age of 11, he entered the Akademische Gymnasium in Vienna, a school focused on classical education and training in physics and mathematics. There, he enjoyed learning classical languages, foreign poetry, physics, and mathematics, but hated memorizing what he termed â€Å"incidental† dates and facts. Schrà ¶dinger continued his studies at the University of Vienna, which he entered in 1906. He earned his PhD in physics in 1910 under the guidance of Friedrich Hasenà ¶hrl, whom Schrà ¶dinger considered to be one of his greatest intellectual influences. Hasenà ¶hrl was a student of physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, a renowned scientist known for his work in statistical mechanics. After Schrà ¶dinger received his PhD, he worked as an assistant to Franz Exner, another student of Boltzmann’s, until being drafted at the beginning of World War I. Career Beginnings In 1920, Schrà ¶dinger married Annemarie Bertel and moved with her to Jena, Germany to work as the assistant of physicist Max Wien. From there, he became faculty at a number of universities over a short period of time, first becoming a junior professor in Stuttgart, then a full professor at Breslau, before joining the University of Zurich as a professor in 1921. Schrà ¶dinger’s subsequent six years at Zurich were some of the most important in his professional career. At the University of Zurich, Schrà ¶dinger developed a theory that significantly advanced the understanding of quantum physics. He published a series of papers – about one per month – on wave mechanics. In particular, the first paper, â€Å"Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem, introduced what would become known as the Schrà ¶dinger equation, now a central part of quantum mechanics. Schrà ¶dinger was awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1933. Schrà ¶dinger’s Equation Schrà ¶dingers equation mathematically described the wavelike nature of systems governed by quantum mechanics. With this equation, Schrà ¶dinger provided a way to not only study the behaviors of these systems, but also to predict how they behave. Though there was much initial debate about what Schrà ¶dinger’s equation meant, scientists eventually interpreted it as the probability of finding an electron somewhere in space. Schrà ¶dinger’s Cat Schrà ¶dinger formulated this thought experiment in response to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which states that a particle described by quantum mechanics exists in all possible states at the same time, until it is observed and is forced to choose one state. Heres an example: consider a light that can light up either red or green. When we are not looking at the light, we assume that it is both red and green. However, when we look at it, the light must force itself to be either red or green, and that is the color we see. Schrà ¶dinger did not agree with this interpretation. He created a different thought experiment, called Schrà ¶dingers Cat, to illustrate his concerns. In the Schrà ¶dingers Cat experiment, a cat is placed inside a sealed box with a radioactive substance and a poisonous gas. If the radioactive substance decayed, it would release the gas and kill the cat. If not, the cat would be alive. Because we do not know whether the cat is alive or dead, it is considered both alive and dead until someone opens the box and sees for themselves what the state of the cat is. Thus, simply by looking into the box, someone has magically made the cat alive or dead even though that is impossible. Influences on Schrà ¶dinger’s Work Schrà ¶dinger did not leave much information about the scientists and theories that influenced his own work. However, historians have pieced together some of those influences, which include: Louis de Broglie, a physicist, introduced the concept of â€Å"matter waves. Schrà ¶dinger had read de Broglie’s thesis as well as a footnote written by Albert Einstein, which spoke positively about de Broglie’s work. Schrà ¶dinger was also asked to discuss de Broglie’s work at a seminar hosted by both the University of Zurich and another university, ETH Zurich.Boltzmann. Schrà ¶dinger considered Boltzmann’s statistical approach to physics his â€Å"first love in science,† and much of his scientific education followed in the tradition of Boltzmann.Schrà ¶dinger’s previous work on the quantum theory of gases, which studied gases from the perspective of quantum mechanics. In one of his papers on the quantum theory of gases, â€Å"On Einstein’s Gas Theory,† Schrà ¶dinger applied de Broglie’s theory on matter waves to help explain the behavior of gases. Later Career and Death In 1933, the same year he won the Nobel Prize, Schrà ¶dinger resigned his professorship at the University of Berlin, which he had joined in 1927, in response to the Nazi takeover of Germany and the dismissal of Jewish scientists. He subsequently moved to England, and later to Austria. However, in 1938, Hitler invaded Austria, forcing Schrà ¶dinger, now an established anti-Nazi, to flee to Rome. In 1939, Schrà ¶dinger moved to Dublin, Ireland, where he remained until his return to Vienna in 1956. Schrà ¶dinger died of tuberculosis on January 4, 1961 in Vienna, the city where he was born. He was 73 years old. Sources Fischer E. We are all aspects of one single being: An introduction to Erwin Schrà ¶dinger. Soc Res, 1984; 51(3): 809-835.Heitler W. â€Å"Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, 1887-1961.† Biogr Mem Fellows Royal Soc, 1961; 7: 221-228.Masters B. â€Å"Erwin Schrà ¶dinger’s path to wave mechanics.† Opt Photonics News, 2014; 25(2): 32-39.Moore W. Schrà ¶dinger: Life and thought. Cambridge University Press; 1989.Schrà ¶dinger: Centenary celebration of a polymath. Ed. Clive Kilmister, Cambridge University Press; 1987.Schrà ¶dinger E. â€Å"Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem, erste Mitteilung.†Ann. Phys., 1926; 79: 361-376.Teresi D. The lone ranger of quantum mechanics. The New York Times website. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/books/the-lone-ranger-of-quantum-mechanics.html. 1990.

Film Analysis Metropolis And Metropolis - 1630 Words

Joseph Spencer is the observer of the movie. Metropolis is directed by Fritz Lang; Metropolis mostly fits under the science-fiction and drama genres. Metropolis was released in 1927 (IMDb). Metropolis reveals to the observer that features a dystopian and contradictory world. The script is based on a novel by Thea Von Harbou, and the screenplay was written by her as well. (IMDb). Metropolis is controlled by Joh Fredersen acted by Alfred Abel (IMDb), a capitalist whose son, Freder played by Gustav Frà ¶hlich (IMDb), takes an idyllic life, enjoying the wonderful gardens. One day Freder meets Maria played by Brigitte Helm (IMDb), the spiritual leader of the workers, who take care of the children of slaves. Freder talks to his father, Fredersen†¦show more content†¦Maria, a woman in the lower town, tries to promote the understanding between classes and takes the children of workers to visit the high city. Maria and the children are quickly taken away. Although Maria and the chil dren were removed from the universe of the rich, Freder falls in love with her and submerge to the city of workers. Freder is in the machine rooms and watches with shock when one the machines explode, causing several injuries and deaths. After one of its operators falls from exhaustion, Freder runs to tell his father. The pace imposed by machines being too high, a violent explosion occurred on the M machine, killing dozens of workers. In the smoke, Freder sees the machine turning into Moloch, a monstrous God to which unfortunate workers are sacrificed. (Metropolis) The future is distant and the world is under the command of the powerful, who have isolated the poorest underground as if they were their slaves, to work for them. Grot played by Heinrich George (IMDb), one of the foremen, arrives shortly after to provide maps that have been found with the dead workers. The group is being deterred by law enforcement, but Fredersen, Freder went to his father, Fredersen, to make him aware of the extremely difficult conditions in which workers work and asked him to improve this. Seeing that Fredersen cannot convince Freder of the benefits of this society, Fredersen has him followed by a spy. Freder returned to the lower town where seeing a worker on theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Metropolis Film Analysis1169 Words   |  5 PagesMetropolis: â€Å"Breaking down the utopia† In January of1927 Metropolis was released to the German public. The film, which was directed by Fritz Lang, was one of the first science fiction movies in the history of film. The film focuses on the differences between the working class who power the city and the wealthy whom indulge in it. The film was host to many German stars at the time such as Alfred Abel and Brigette Helm. As this conflict is going there is a separateRead MoreSimilarities Between Utopia And Dystopia1672 Words   |  7 Pagesbe explored in many forms of media such as artwork, film, music, poetry and even dance. The easiest and most vivid way to depict these genres to the audience is in films. Films specifically incorporate visual symbolism through colors and settings and screenshot width and filters. Films may also incorporate a subliminal message to the reader through background music used in different scenes. Displaying utopian and dystopian societies through film leaves some imagination to the audience whi le allowingRead MoreAnalyzing the Twinkletoes, My Best Girl, and Metropolis Film Poster1002 Words   |  4 PagesThe St Andrean film poster for Twinkletoes (Charles Brabin, USA, 1926), My Best Girl (Sam Taylor, USA, 1927), and Metropolis (Fritz Lang, Germany, 1927) signifies the rise of the star system and film production companies. Furthermore, it touches on the broadening of the local theatrical audience, the decline of the internationality of film, the popularity of female sexualization, the continued interest in spectacle, and the growing interest in the modern and futuristic. Additionally, the posterRead MoreCamparative Essay Metropolis 1984 web 1443 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Module A: Elective 2 Sample Response: Metropolis and Nineteen Eighty-Four Response by: Cameron Malcher The question (adapted from 2014 HSC) Rebellion and revolution are ideas which connect Metropolis and Nineteen Eighty-Four. How do these two texts from different contexts reflect changing perspectives on this idea? What it requires Both texts are connected by an exploration of rebellion and revolution that have direct relevance to the composers and their audiences. Compare and contrast the similaritiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Fritz Lang s Metropolis And The Garden Of Eden 1955 Words   |  8 PagesThere is a lot to be said about Fritz Lang’s Metropolis, as it has many overlapping themes. There is the theme of humans becoming as replaceable as machines. It has a theme of class division which leads to a Marxist type revolution. The theme I want to focus on in this paper however, is the religious themes and symbolism that are prevalent throughout the film, as I feel they are the most prominent. Metropolis makes a lot of calls to Judeo-Christian religions and biblical stories, using its storytellingRead MoreSociety s Understanding Of The World Operates Around Them1085 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage shape social constructs and behaviors. â€Å"Discourses construct meanings and relationships, helping define common sense and legitimate knowledge. Each discourse rests on assumptions, judgments, and contentions that provide the basic terms of an alysis, debates, agreements, and disagreements(Dryzek).† One also must understand their historical context and institutional encasements in order to fully comprehend the discourse. All discourses have key tropes, metaphors, symbols, and genres that helpRead MoreModern Societies And Its Impact On Society2264 Words   |  10 Pagesfully graspable by the individual. It is this objective culture that Simmel concerns himself with in his essay, The Metropolis and Mental Life. The essay analyzes the individual in the context of modern, metropolitan life, comparing the social forces of modern life in the city with those of rural or small town settings. â€Å"The most profound reason,† he argues, â€Å"[that] the metropolis conduces to the urge of the most individual personal existence . . . appears to me to be the following: the developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Documentary Welcome On Lagos 1328 Words   |  6 Pages it was seen as an informal city that was created in its separation from Lagos. Usually for a city to form, there are certain structures and belief systems that are put into place as organizing principles of society. Wherein, the first part of the film showcases the society of Makoko, as it began to build a small community and eventually expanding into a larger city. The informal city had begun to create formal social relation s between individuals who shared a distinctive culture and political institutionsRead More A Clockwork Orange Essay: A Movie Analysis1704 Words   |  7 PagesA Clockwork Orange A Movie Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚      In 1962, Anthony Burgess novel A Clockwork Orange was published for the first time. This novel was an anti-utopian fable about the near future, where teenage gangs habitually terrorize the inhabitants of a shabby metropolis. The novel deals with the main focus that man is a sinner but not sufficiently a sinner to deserve the calamities that are heaped upon him. It is a comic novel about a mans tragic lot. (Bergonzi 152).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1971, StanleyRead MoreThe Marketing Strategy Of The Century Plyboads Ltd Essay3377 Words   |  14 Pagesme. The entire method of analysis are often divided into three parts: PART ONE: process the scope of the study, process the target of the analysis, coming up with on the methodology and sampling, target phase, and form planning. PART TWO: Real time information assortment on field and face to face interview. PART THREE: Analysis and report writing. The SWOT Analysis shows the pitfalls and identifies the opportunities offered for Century Plyboards Ltd and contestant analysis has conjointly been done

I am Proud of My Views on Chrisitanity - 1774 Words

Religion is a topic that is generally something everyone shy’s away from speaking about. We all have that notion that you should never ask someone what their religion is and never to yourself openly speak on it. However it should be something to be proud of, something that you openly feel free to express upon and feel open to call upon your God in times of trouble and sorrow no matter where you may be. In this paper I will be shedding light on my views of Religion, God, Evil and a few other topics to help enable you to see my views on the subject. Many are asked what is your picture of God? Where does he originate from to you? In part, I could say he is truly all around us for he is found in every piece of everything we are, have, see and do. For if it were not for him there would be no nature, no land to build upon therefor no buildings to build and of course no people to inhabit those buildings. But he is of course in the skies above as well watching over us and all tha t we do. While he watches us he can also be found inside every one of us for we are a piece of him. God is able to guide our lives weather we chose to follow him or not he plays a hand in all that we do. Many think that in order to be religious you have to identify with a specific denomination and devout yourself one hundred percent to them. I personally do not feel that this is the case as do many others in the world. Although I associate myself with Christianity, I feel that you can commit

How Is Love Presented in Romeo and Juliet and Two Poems...

How is Love presented in Romeo and Juliet and two poems from the Shakespeare Literary Heritage Love is presented in a variety of different ways in Romeo and Juliet and my chosen poems from the Literary Heritage: Stop All the Clocks and Sonnet 130. For instance, in Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare is attempting to challenge the tradition of courtly love that was prominent in the Elizabethan era. He is suggesting that the tradition of courtly love is artificial and essentially false. Courtly love was a hidden love between the nobility in medieval times. In Sonnet 130 Shakespeare has a different goal; he is attempting to challenge the traditional Petrarchan sonnet that was popular at the time. These sonnets were grand declarations of†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare is depicting the lovesickness stage of courtly love and challenging how real it is by his use of this over the top metaphor. Additionally, in Act 1 Scene 1, love is presented as a complicated and contradictory thing. Shakespeare uses oxymorons effectively to show this idea. For example, when Romeo is describing the love he feels for Rosaline to his cousin Benvolio he states, â€Å"O brawling love, O loving hate†, amongst a series of other oxymorons. Shakespeare here uses oxymorons to show that the love Romoe feels for Rosaline is something that gives him great joy but also great pain at the same time. He is in love with Rosaline and that is wonderful but he hates the fact that she will not return his love. This allows the audience an insight into the intensity with which it appears Romeo loves Rosaline. This reinforces Shakespeares goal of setting up a situation in which the audience will doubt Romeo’s love for Juliet later in the play. In Act 1 Scene 5 love is presented in an over the top and overly dramatic way. Shakespeare uses hyperbole extremely well here to show this. In this scene Romeo and his friends have crashed Capulet’s party and he catches his first glimpse of Juliet. When he does so he states that she â€Å"doth teach the torches to burn bright!† This is hyperbole because obviously Juliet cannot literally teach the torches to burn bright. The hyperbole is used to show that Romeo thinks that Juliet’s beauty overshadows everyoneShow MoreRelatedLiterature and Language10588 Words   |  43 PagesChapter 9 Language and Literature There is a very close relationship between language and literature. The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is termed LITERARY STYLISTICS. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background Our pursuit of style, the most elusive and fascinating phenomenon, has been enhanced by the constant studies of generations of scholars, â€Å"Style†, the phenomenon, has been recognized sinceRead More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 PagesWilliam Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Throughout his career William Faulkner acknowledged the influence of many writers upon his work--Twain, Dreiser, Anderson, Keats, Dickens, Conrad, Balzac, Bergson, and Cervantes, to name only a few--but the one writer that he consistently mentioned as a constant and continuing influence was William Shakespeare. Though Faulkner’s claim as a fledgling writer in 1921 that â€Å"[he] could write a play like Hamlet if [he] wanted to† (FAB 330) may be dismissed as

Social Media Presence in Organization-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Students should report an analysis and evaluation of the following aspects in relation to their selected Organisation: social media presence social media audience social media marketing ethics, privacy and security social media technologies Answer: Introduction Social commerce is considered a new form that assists organizations in marketing their product and services. Organizations are increasingly depending on the social commerce to promote for their brands. Social media networks help customers to make the buying decision through information, knowledge and experience sharing. Online sellers can attract potential customers through their promotional campaigns and sales offers. Trust is considered a very important factor that influences customers to take a risk of shopping online. Consumer trust in the online context is measured by the trustworthiness of the seller, which is built through customer experiences and how the social network groups' members influence the collective behavior of the group. Most of the consumers collect information from social communities before taking the decision of buying from the company. Trust increases the engagement rate and influences the consumers to be sure of the quality of the information provided by the s eller (Shi Chow, 2015). Starbucks is a global company that is considered as a leader in the digital business, as it could successfully develop its presence in the social media network. It could also, enhance its website, develop mobile applications to facilitate the process of providing services to customers and build a strong relationship with the. Starbucks digital presence could be followed by other companies. This report discusses the social media presence, social media audience, social media marketing, ethics, privacy and security in the online context and social media technologies. Social media presence Starbucks has started its business in 1971, as a food retailer and its business continued to grow worldwide to become one of the most globally recognized brands. Nowadays, about 94% of Facebook users are directly or indirectly connected to Facebook Starbucks. Nearly 7 Mn. Users use the mobile payment services and about 100 Thousand users download its mobile application weekly in 2012. Starbucks is considered a leading business in engaging users through social networks. The rise of Starbucks as a digital leader was planned after it had experienced declining in its sales in 2008 and a dramatic decrease of its share prices down to the half for two years. At that time, Starbucks was not caring about social marketing, but it started to consider its importance and several strategic actions were made to engage customers through social media tools (Welch Buvat, 2013). Researches on the features of social commerce presence assessed the Facebook Starbucks. It was found that the Facebook page of Starbucks not only represents advertisements, but also, presented information about the company's products, news, services and new announcements to its customers and Facebook visitors. Utilizing the social media channels enabled Starbucks to expand its reach, increase its sales and spread its brand. Starbucks uses social media as a marketing tool to increase the customer trust and loyalty for its brand, also, it is used as a promotional tool. There are some social media tools that could be added to the website to increase its sociability, including, product recommendations, sales, customization and mobile commerce. It is important to the organization to understand its needs of social media tools to be added to its website, as social, communities, marketing, connections, applications and shopping (Huang Benyoucef, 2015). According to Constantinides et al., as cited in Huang Benyoucef (2015), it is important for organizations also to focus on the content, collaboration and commerce features as follows: Content: focuses on the information disseminated to the customers, its richness and good presentation. Collaboration: through enhancing the user engagement with the social media applications. Social commerce features: the website should be user friendly and trusted. Social media audience The social media audiences are usually members of many online social groups. The group members usually act in a collective way as they influence the decisions and behavior of the each other. The collective behavior reflects the shared opinion of the group members not a specific person's intention. Group member's intention is then different from individual intention. Organizations that have a social media presence should focus on users who are members of friendship groups to influence the group as a whole by attracting the group behavior. It is also, important to focus on the social value as it affects the users' shopping behaviors (Sun, Kee, Fan, Lu, Gupta, 2016). The social commerce is considered as mixture of shopping and social networking experience, as it enhances the social interaction when buying and selling products and services in the online context. To enhance the user and group participation, there are specific functions that should be included to engage users to the web site, such as, reviews, ratings and referral mechanisms to influence the group buying behavior. The technical features of social networks and applications lead the users to discover new experience of collecting product information and take the shopping decision. The success of social influence leads to the success of the social commerce (Wang Yu, 2017). Starbucks digital presence succeeded in attracting millions of fans, accordingly, the company encourages its customers to introduce their creative ideas through the 'My Starbucks Idea site'. The aim of this website is to collect ideas from the customers to develop its products and enhance its services. It allows social interaction about the proposed ideas, as other users can vote for the submitted idea, and when they vote for the idea, they are allowed to propose the best way of implementing the idea. The company employees contact the author of the idea when it takes place in the stores to let him know that the idea takes place in the store (Welch Buvat, 2013). Not only reaching the individuals through the blogs, Starbucks expands its connection with its customers in the digital context to get out of the in store experience to the social networks. The company offers its customers a free Wi-Fi connection, free access to reputed online journals and news websites. Also, customers are allowed to browse local content (Welch Buvat, 2013). Social media marketing People use the internet to get the information they need, the social networks enable them to share their information, knowledge and expertise with other people among their networks in the online context. The social media marketing started to take place within the social networks. Sellers can influence the buyer behavior towards buying their products by using different marketing tools, including, promotions. In fact, the seller influences groups of people not only an individual user, as the collective behavior of the group directs the individual shopping behavior. Users are empowered as a result of the social media, the social networks succeeded in transferring the power to the buyer rather than the seller. The social media assists in facilitating the social support creation to influence users towards taking the right decisions in their shopping activities. The social commerce constructs as forums, reviews and ratings support the consumer to take the right decision. These constructs support the current and potential customers. Also, there are the online communities that provide recommendations to the consumers through the online interaction. Positive reviews from customers cause direct increases in sales. Recommendations from peers on the social network affect the user decision to buy (Hajli N. , 2015). There are different trends in social commerce, as the vendors could add commercial features to their pages on the social media, or they can add social media features to the organization official website. The social networks provide organizations with the opportunity to build good relationships with their customers to achieve their targets of fulfilling marketing objectives. Organizations can use the social media marketing as a business strategy to manage their business objectives. Accordingly, there are numerous activities that can be done to help the customers in collecting and sharing information, evaluation, making the shopping decision and sharing their experiences with others (Lin, Li, Wang, 2017). Starbucks excessively uses the social media in marketing its products and services. Starbucks has more than 20 Mn. followers to its page on Facebook, about 1.5 Mn followers to its account on Twitter. Starbucks uses these social networks to announce promotional offers and discounts on a regular basis. Starbucks does not use social media for hard marketing, it creates an open platform for discussion. Starbucks also, uses YouTube in an excellent way, by encouraging people to upload videos about different topics not must to be related to the company (Patnaik, 2011). Ethics, privacy and security There are different ethical issues related to the social commerce, for example the consumer trust in the social commerce is a factor of his own ethics, social and local ethics. The consumer perception of the seller positively affects their sales from the same seller. Global companies should realize the effect of culture on the attitude of the consumer through providing e-seller ethics to ensure that their marketing strategy will succeed (Gajendra Wang, 2014). There are several dimensions of security to offer the trust to the social network users. The relationship between the seller and buyer in the in line context could be broken due to low security actions from the seller. Also, the reaction of the seller towards the in security action does matter in keeping the relationship between the buyer and the seller or losing it (Choi Nazareth, 2014). Customers have to be sure that there is no opportunistic behavior from the seller side in the online context. The trust could be classified into two types, the trusting intentions and the trusting beliefs, both of the two types exist in the social commerce marketplace from the buyer perspective (Lu, Fan, Zhou, 2016). Trust is built through securing customers' personal information and shopping transactions. The service quality is also important to measure the customer loyalty and increase the perceived value. Social commerce websites have to consider the fulfillment, efficiency, privacy and availability by ensuring continues presence and error free website (Huang Benyoucef, 2015). The advancement in information communication technology is used by organizations to increase the users' trust in the online context and at the same time decrease their expected risk. By lowering the customers' perceived risk, they will be encouraged to engage in more buying activities and will share his knowledge and experience with peers in the social communities, forums and groups (Hajli M. , 2013). Also, the perceived risk increases the switching costs and decreases the customer loyalty. The perceived risk is sourced from the uncertainty feeling of the customer towards the online transactions and activities. It is related to the way the buying decision affects their goals. In general, insecurity negatively affects the way people use technology (Yen, 2010). Starbucks succeeded in aligning its customers with its social media marketing efforts, which means it could manage the ethical issues in different world countries. Starbucks is an example of a global company that receives both of thankful comments and critiques from activists who classify the company as a symbol of capitalism and consumerism. Customers' activities on the social media are secured by the company and the third-party service provider as, Facebook and Twitter (Gallaugher Ransbotham, 2010). Social media technologies The emergence of social media networks affected the daily life of people worldwide. Developing new technologies affected also the relationship between the buyers and sellers. The development of web 2.0 platform transferred the e-commerce to be customer oriented context. The electronic word of mouth was developed and affected the users' behaviors. The development of web 2.0 is an attitude which leads to the emergence of the web based communities. Users are enabled to utilize the social knowledge to filter their preferences, on the other side, it provides the business with the consumer choices, attitudes and behaviors (Jim, Shen, Chang, 2015). Starbucks made major changes to be ready for the digital transformation. The company witnessed the foundation of the digital venture unit, this unit was separated from the marketing and the information technology, but they collaborate to make joint work activities to lead innovation within the company. Starbucks mobile application enabled the company to reduce its operating costs (Welch Buvat, 2013). Starbucks could benefit from its conventional information systems to integrate with the social media, by developing the technology used to be compatible with the new requirements of the social media and web 2.0 (Gallaugher Ransbotham, 2010). Starbucks also developed its mobile application for Android and Apple for the iPhone to market for its products. Starbucks uses the 'Quick Respond' or the QR code to scan the smartphone to connect the product information to the digital networks. QR code directly links the web pages and videos to the product (Licciardi, 2013). Conclusion The rise of Starbucks as a digital leader was planned after it had experienced declining in its sales in 2008 and a dramatic decrease of its share prices down to the half for two years. At that time, Starbucks was not caring about social marketing, but it started to consider its importance and several strategic actions were made to engage customers through social media tools. It is important for organizations also to focus on the content, collaboration and commerce features. The social media audiences are usually members of many online social groups. The group members usually act in a collective way as they influence the decisions and behavior of the each other. The social commerce is considered as mixture of shopping and social networking experience, as it enhances the social interaction when buying and selling products and services in the online context. The social networks enable them to share their information, knowledge and expertise with other people among their networks in the online context. Starbucks excessively uses the social media in marketing its products and services. Starbucks has more than 20 Mn. followers to its page on Facebook, about 1.5 Mn followers to its account on Twitter. Starbucks succeeded in aligning its customers with its social media marketing efforts, which means it could manage the ethical issues in different world countries. Starbucks made major changes to be ready for the digital transformation. Starbucks also developed its mobile application for Android and Apple for the iPhone to market for its products References Choi, J., Nazareth, D. (2014). Repairing trust in an e-commerce and security context: an agent based modeling approach. Information Management Computer Security, 22(5), 490-512. Gajendra, S., Wang, L. (2014). Ethical perspectives on e-commerce: an empirical investigation. Internet Research, 24(4), 414-435. Gallaugher, J., Ransbotham, S. (2010). Social Media and Customer Dialog Management at Starbucks. MIS Quarterly Executive, 9(4), pp. 197-212. Hajli, M. (2013). A research framework for social commerce adoption. Information Management Computer Security, 21(3), 144-154. Hajli, N. (2015). Social commerce: The transfer of power from sellers to buyers. Technological Forecasting Social Change, 94, 350358. Huang, Z., Benyoucef, M. (2015). User preferences of social features on social commerce websites: An empirical study. Technological Forecasting Social Change, 95, 5772. Jim, Y., Shen, J., Chang, C. (2015). Electronic service quality of Facebook social commerce and collaborative learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 13951402. Licciardi, S. (2013). Social media for motivating marketing strategies. Aalborg University. Lin, X., Li, Y., Wang, X. (2017). Social commerce research: Definition, research themes and the trends. International Journal of Information Management, 37, 190201. Lu, B., Fan, W., Zhou, M. (2016). Social presence, trust, and social commerce purchase intention: An empirical research. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 225e237. Patnaik, S. (2011). Going social: case studies of successful social media marketing. Auerbach Publications. Shi, S., Chow, W. (2015). Trust development and transfer in social commerce: prior experience as moderator. Industrial Management Data Systems, 115(7), 1182-1203. Sun, Y., Kee, K., Fan, C., Lu, Y., Gupta, S. (2016). Does social climate matter? On friendship groups in social commerce. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 18, 3747. Wang, Y., Yu, C. (2017). Social interaction-based consumer decision-making model in social commerce: The role of word of mouth and observational learning. International Journal of Information Management, 37, 179189. Welch, M., Buvat, J. (2013). Starbucks: taking the Starbucks experience digital. Capgemini Consulting. Yen, Y. (2010). Can perceived risks affect the relationship of switching costs and customer loyalty in e?commerce? Internet Research, 20(2), 210-224.

Formulate Strategies Knowledge Management

Question: Discuss about the Formulate Strategies for Knowledge Management. Answer: Introduction Any business always has a plan to increase its capacity and to serve a wider market. Many companies formulate strategies that will increase their competitiveness in the market as well as increase shareholders wealth. With the dynamics of the economy, it is essential for every business to manage the knowledge available in the industry. The diffusion of awareness in the market has become vital for the competitiveness and survival of different organizations. Moreover, different organizations view knowledge as an intellectual asset while others consider knowledge as a different commodity that cannot add the firm any value. They describe knowledge as a product that cannot be consumed and it cannot be lost if transferred to a third party. Additionally, they argue that knowledge is abundant in the business world and cannot be termed as a scarce resource. In the modern world, knowledge can be acquired from different sources including the internet and journals which have abundant. With the dynamism in the market labor, intensive manufacturing companies are slowly giving way to the knowledge-based organizations (Dalkir Liebowitz, 2011). This has been propelled by the need for the organization to reduce the cost of production and to improve the quality of goods produced. Any organization in the knowledge age is an organization that can easily learn, remember and act according to the information available to them and the level of skills present. In light with this, this study will illuminate on the importance of managing knowledge in the infrastructure development oriented business of Protasco Berhad (PB). It will also investigate the effect of knowledge advantage the application of the SECI model to the different businesses carried out by PB. Hislop,(2013) defined Knowledge management as a process designed to help in the identification, capturing and documentation of the companys intellectual property or assets so as to increase its competitiveness and performance in the industry. He further added that knowledge management is composed of two critical activities which include the capturing and documentation of individual knowledge and the dissemination of the knowledge in the organization. On the other hand Dalkir Liebowitz, (2011) defined knowledge management as the administration of the organization intellectual assets with the aim of creating more value and meeting the strategic requirements set by the organization. He also adds that the process many consists of other factors such as the initiative, strategies, processes and the systems that promote the assessment, storage sharing and the creation of knowledge. Purpose of knowledge management Management of knowledge is composed of three different components. These components include people processes and technology. The process includes knowledge distribution, content management retrieval of information and implementation of projects (Perry Bernard, 2014). To ensure elimination of ambiguity, the process should be made as simple as possible to enable easy understanding by the employees of the organization. Knowledge management also draws some of its components from various fields such as organizational science, logistics, and computational logistics as well as cognitive science. Moreover, knowledge management can also be traced back to fields like communication studies, information and library science and education and training. There are two types of knowledge that managers can use in the making of different decisions. They include the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge (Holsapple, 2013). The tacit knowledge is difficult to comprehend as well as to put it in words, drawings or text. Additionally, this type of experience can adapt to new and exceptional situations thus promoting the sharing of vision and transmission of culture. Explicit knowledge, on the other hand, represents information that has already been transferred into other tangible forms including, audio recordings, images, and texts. The technological part of knowledge management is essential for the provision of a forum where knowledge can be shared and secure management of the documents present in the enterprise. Additionally, technology also supports collaboration and workflow in the business. These components are essential and provide a secure and central space where customers, employees suppliers, and the partners can share knowledge, exchange information and guide each other in practical decision making in the organization (Sian Lee Kelkar, 2013). To enable easy information sharing, most corporates use the knowledge portal which is a technological application where customers, employees and other partners get a forum to interact. Other forms of technology used include lotus notes databases and the Microsoft technologies (Papadopoulos et al., 2013). The use of technology by PB will enable the company to strategies on its investment plans and focus on its objectives on innovation and maintenance of the government supported roads. Furthermore, it provides the organization with the ability to respond, discriminate and reapply different information and strategies that had previously been a success in the organization Specific knowledge Knowledge management in an organization comprises of different assets in an organization. Some of these assets include stakeholders relationships, human resources, physical infrastructure, culture and intellectual property. For PB Company, its specific knowledge includes tools, organization culture, the management skills, business strategy and training and development. These intangible assets are essential in ensuring that every part of the organization is involved in ensuring that the set goals are achieved (Holsapple, 2013).This portrays a strong interconnection between the organization strategies and the goals. Furthermore, it includes the management of knowledge that is essential for creating value for the organization. Managing knowledge comprises of a mix of strategies which include per peer monitoring, storytelling and learning from the mistakes made in the past. Besides, it also makes use of different techniques from the knowledge-based systems and designs. In an infrastructu re development oriented business, knowledge-based strategy will help the organization in reducing the amount of cost it uses in the production of quality goods and services (Sian Kelkar, 2013). For example, if PB decides to adopt a new technology in its road care department, the maintenance cost of the roads will be cheaper and improve its overall competitiveness in the market. Knowledge management helps the organizations by opening the doors of collaboration and sharing. In the modern economy, businesses target a wider market that can only be achieved by involvement in merger or acquisition strategies. Knowledge management in the infrastructure business may need the PB Company to collaborate with its peers in the international markets to facilitate the exchange of ideas and to acquire answers to some of the complex questions in the industry. Moreover, it allows the employees of the organization to communicate effectively with the top management of the organization as well as strengthening their bond with the customers. The infrastructure business requires minimal mistakes in decision making due to the huge capital outlay required in production. Knowledge management thus helps in solving the most of the problems faced by the organizations, especially in decision making (Woods Cortada, 2013). Additionally, knowledge management helps the business to acquire more skills and expertise in different fields that help the origination in increasing efficiency and productivity (Jimnez-Jimnez et al., 2014). For example, the PB research and development division that deals with the searching for solutions for the infrastructure problems may benefit from information sharing and the use of new technology. The new technology may mean that the firm will have better methods of approaching the problem which is an added advantage in the industry. Knowledge management in the infrastructure business leads to intensified speed of responsiveness. The time needed to carry out any activity is based on the complexity, the agency of work and the level of technology in the company. Further, the degree of responsiveness will change the time taken in making decisions that are relevant in grabbing the business opportunities available. Besides, the time required to respond to customer inquiry would be fastened to include stages like receiving inquiry, processing of the quotation by the finance department and the preparation of any proposal. Consequently, all these procedures can be done simultaneously by the use of extranet, the Internet, and intranet. By adopting knowledge management in the organization, the manager of PB will be able to enhance quality and the ability to collaborate on improving the methods of operation and enabling interaction with different experts in the industry. Additionally, the firm will be able to improve o the return on investment, provide value added services, adopting different methods of solving problems and centralization of its data (Urbancova, 2013). The managers of the PB Company will also help in the coordination of the information and clustering the data available in the organization. However, it is also important for the management to also take into account the copyright issue in the collection and presenting of knowledge. The coverage and documentation of the information in the organization does not need a standardized format of presentation. The managers can use directories, reports from different organizations maps, charts, and organizational structures and the set rules and policies to achieve the organizational goals. Knowledge management is an essential element in ensuring the growth and profitability of any organization, especially the infrastructure development oriented business (Meihami Meihami, 2014). For PB, the sharing and diversification of information are an essential component. It will help the organization to reduce the risk faced by its diversified portfolio as well as employing more innovative strategies in managing its infrastructure business. Knowledge advantage It is important for every organization to put in place the knowledge agenda as one of their goals. This is because knowledge advantage helps the firm to win the confidence of their clients and ensuring that customer satisfaction is achieved (McIver, 2013). Moreover, knowledge plays a vital role in the improvement of customer service, the growth in revenue and the increase of the level of innovation in the organization. Perry and Bernard,(2014) noted that, knowledge helps the company to achieve more than 81 percent of its goals through the capturing and sharing information obtained from the employees and the external environment. In his research Zheng, (2010) noted that over the last decade the achievement of most companies could be traced back to knowledge related activities including maintenance of customer satisfaction, capturing and using their employee skills effectively as well as improving the products markets and customer knowledge (Noruzy et al., 2013). Although knowledge plays a significant role in an organization, different organizations use them in distinct ways depending on the level of industry mix and the standard of economic maturity (Kim Slater, 2013). In many multinational companies, knowledge is employed in the shaping of the organizational strategies and the board of directors. Moreover, gaining knowledge is based on gaining a competitive advantage and adding value to the organization through working smarter and the embracing of both innovative and quality delivery culture (Urbancova, 2013). The competitive advantage that can be gained by an organization may range from the production of quality goods at a lower cost or production of a differentiated product that the competitors cannot easily replicate. With the dynamism in the business world, the management is required to open up different ways of thinking and to pay attention the development of new thinking capabilities in various individuals. While knowledge is a human attribute, it has been embedded in the systems and inanimate products and has widely been used in the setting of organizational goals (Kianto et al., 2014). Consequently, knowledge advantage can be divided into three groups; the ICT infrastructure, leadership infrastructure and people infrastructure (Dalkir Liebowitz, 2011). The ICT infrastructure helps the organization to benefit from various technological advancements as well as ICT applications. The infrastructure also helps the organization in the acquisition of information from other relate businesses and communication with its suppliers. The ICT infrastructure comprises of portals and interfaces of an organization intranet, problem-solving tools, group wave systems, and the World Wide Web (Zheng, 2010). Peop le infrastructure, on the other hand, helps the entity to get knowledge infrastructure from the different skills from the employees and the management of the company. Additionally, the knowledge infrastructure helps in the nurturing and supporting of both the people infrastructure and the ICT infrastructure. Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization (SECI) Model To adequately understand the importance of knowledge advantage in an organization, it is important to evaluate the study by Ikujiro Nonaka. The researcher evaluated the concept of explicit and tacit knowledge and assessed the focus of the western companies. He later introduced the SECI model which had become a pillar of knowledge creation (Sian Kelkar, 2013). Further, he proposed four different ways that knowledge could be combined or converted. The model is an illustration of the interaction of various types of knowledge. The methods applied by the model in its operation include management techniques and communication technologies, which help in the improvement of the performance of the organization (Becerra-Fernandez Sabherwal, 2014). In Nonaka's model, there are four types of knowledge-creating processes which include socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. The socialization process emphasizes on tacit knowledge. This is because it gives more explanation on a topic and helps in the creation of new knowledge using such methods as observing, interactions, analyzing, discussing and living in the same environment (Al-Busaidi Olfman, 2017). Through socializing, people can create and secret knowledge from their different life experiences. Furthermore, companies gain more knowledge from external sources from interaction with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders (Noruzy et al., 2013). The notion of socialization can also be traced back to the traditional environments where siblings used to learn different techniques from their parents including woodcarving. Using the socialization process, the PB Company acquires more information on how to improve some of their businesses such as PB education and the PB research and development business. Internalization of knowledge Externalization process of the model focuses on both the tacit and the explicit knowledge linking. Moreover, it helps in the creation of new knowledge from different sources that will, in turn, help the entire organization (Ellison et al., 2015). Models and metaphor analogy drive externalization process in most cases making it a unique method of information acquisition. Different firms in the manufacturing sector combine their experiences to solve the various production problems faced in the industry. The combination segment includes where knowledge is transformed from tacit to explicit knowledge. It involves the collection of financial reports by the finance department and is consolidated in the formulation of the annual financial records. Also, it makes use of the organization's database to sort, add and categories different business reports. In internalization, explicit knowledge is created by using tacit knowledge. If an individual practices or makes good use of the tacit knowledge, it broadens the knowledge created (Jimnez-Jimnez et al., 2014). Organizations, on the other hand, will gain from the knowledge if it is shared through the different socialization platforms. The organizations, in turn, provide different training programs to their employees at the various stages (Ahmad et al., 2014). Consequently, when the employees read the training manuals and documents, they can internalize the knowledge and create new knowledge in turn. Conclusion In managing its portfolio, it is important for PB to take advantage of the knowledge present both in the organization and from other stakeholders. Knowledge advantage helps the company in the identification of its strength and weakness through the SWAT analysis. By making use of the available information, PB will be able to increase the level of production and reduce the total cost. Additionally, the knowledge will help the organization to reach a wider market and to create a strong bond with their customers. On the other hand, knowledge management can directly be linked with the knowledge advantage that an organization benefits from. 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