Reflective Journal on Communication - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3026 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Reflective Journal Communication is a two way process which acts as a channel to connect people and impart of opinions, thoughts, ideas, information or messages from one party to another party. It also plays a role in exchanging information whereby the receiver decodes the message and encodes the sender a feedback. This is the formal way to explain communication. Means of communication as different ways but we can define four ways of communication; forms, medium, the media and other kinds (Judith Dywer 2013). Communication provides make friends and connects people to each other. People make communication in order to make things happen in our lives and it is something that humans do every day. An effective leader, manager, legal practitioner, medical professional, social worker, accountant, human resource manager or person working in any other occupation is able to communicate and work with others in a purposeful, supportive and flexible manner (Judith Dywer 201 3). By having effective communication will help to achieves the intended outcome. As well as achieving the intended outcome, competent communicators also make connections and build ongoing relationships with others, whereas ineffective communicators raise barriers. Communication competence reflects our ability to interact and influence others in a variety of context. The ability to communicate also reflected in the quality and range or their communication skills (Judith Dywer 2013). In the year of 2010 after my O-Level examination, I was asked to help and join a charity group by one of my friends who work as a Gerontological nursing for one month in the old folks. Under her guidance, I act as her assistance. The majority patients are elderly adults. By doing this it required the knowledge about complex factors that affect the health of older adults as older adults are more likely than younger adults to have one or more chronic health conditions. With this, it is essential for me to develop a good relationship with them. Older people as individuals who have a wide range of health care needs, as I try a few comments to promote rapport:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Are you from this area?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Rapport talk usually is used to establish relationships and connections with others quickly. With established patients, friendly questions about their families or activities can relieve stress. In order to build an interaction, I must show up, sincerity, empathy and trustworthiness. Dilenschneider (1996) describes empathy as the foundation for the quality of a relationship. In satisfying relationship both parties have empathy for the otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view and are willing to provide sufficient and appropriate feedback to create mutual understanding. Implementation of interpersonal skills in communication could stimulate the effective communication and promote good relationships. Interpersonal skills are defined by the ability that acquired by an individual t o interact effectively with other people (Johnson 2008). As mentioned above, communication is the exchange (encode-decode) of opinions, information, thoughts and ideas through verbal and non-verbal, and both of them present simultaneously (Chitty and Black 2007, p.218). For information, verbal communication consists of all speeches whereas non-verbal communication consists of postures, gestures, tone, level of volume and facial expressions. It reminds me of one patient whom I call her as Mrs. Z, not an actual name (Appendix I) to keep the secrecy of patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s data (Nursing Midwifery Council 2004). I was arranged to mental health care ward. Generally, there were two separated wards which were male and female ward. There is a small canteen which was shared by both male and female ward in the area of ward. The wards were locked up so there is only one main entrance. In addition, the female patients were encouraged to walk out from their ward and join with the male patients at the small canteen during their mealtime. During the lunch time, I noticed one old lady was still resting on her bed. She was Mrs Z, 76 years old been diagnosed a schizophrenia. Her muscle could not be controlled voluntarily; it also called as tremor which caused by the insufficiency of the substance. She was unable to move or walk herself and need to be helped if she wanted to move around. So I took the Mrs. Zà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s to have her lunch and fed her on the bed. Due to her condition, this old lady loses the ability to feed on her own. Therefore, I need to check on her diet and serve her the meal and fed her meal until she is finished. Before I started to feed her, I presented myself and move toward Mrs. Z. I tried to develop a nice interrelationship with her so she would not feel weird as I was not part of her family members or relatives. My first approached was to ask whether she would like to take her lunch or not. She was having soft diet like low in residu e, easily to be digested as she was having difficulty in swallowing. If she wants to take her meal then I will ask for her permission to feed her. At first, she stared at me and looked like confuse. In this condition, I presented up my emphatic listening and I tried to put myself in her situation and what if I was having a hearing problem. Emphatic listening is defined by willingness to figure out the other person not just form an opinion on the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fact (Wold 2004, p73). Then, I touched her shoulder, continued saying and increase my sound a bit as I was concerned if she had a hearing impairment. At the same moment, I did some of the body gesturers which could be understood an action of eating. I paused a while and repeated my movements but this time I was using simple and straightforward words to her. She looked at me again and nodded with her head. Happily, the body language did aid in to improve my conversation with her. Nonverbal communication is more power ful than verbal communication in conveying emotions, attitudes and reaction. Movement of arms, hands, feet and head are closely oriented with the spoken words. They convey messages about emotions, feelings and attitudes (Judith Dywer 2013). With my understanding, I think I need to speak louder as she could hear it clearly and try to know more terms in her language so that she could figure it out and understand of my actions towards her. I assumed that the language barriers will discontinuities our verbal communication. Communication barrier happens when there are individuals come from a dissimilar social background and use their own slang or words in the conversations, as results in a misinterpretation of the message (Judith Dywer 2013). But, somehow, there is also the noise coming from the canteen that distorts the intended message. Noise is an interruption to the message or communication flow that can lead to misunderstanding. Noise is not a good environment for communication. Thi s indicates that the bad quality of the external environment and as well as the geographical distance can limit or inhibit effective communication (Judith Dywer 2013). Fortunately, those body gesturers could get her to understand that I was going to feed for her lunch. During the feeding time, I keep up with the eye contact in order to make her to feel better and less nervous. With keeping up my eye contact with her would show my willingness and interest to assist her in feeding. A capacity to ignore distraction and understanding the impact of moving into the personal space of others which said that the supportive of eye contact of the speaker without intimidating would express a sense of attention in the person to the other person that involves in that communication. (Judith Dywer 2013).In the time being, I tried my best to interact in the ways that she felt comfortable with. As a result, she gave a good support and take pleasure in the meal until finished. I feel that, I had made the right choice to go along with and give a hand Mrs. Z in feeding. One of the elements results in the lack communication is task-centred communication, but based on opinion, I think that task centred communication and patient centred communication and are involved in the relationship of communication (McCabe 2004, p.44). In my view, I show my empathy to Mrs Z as she was a patient who unable to feed herself. In addition, it was part of my duty to feed her and to ensure the patient get their best care in the ward. During the feeding, my non-verbal communication skill was able to be improved in my conversation with her. The non-verbal communication plays a role since she was suffering a hearing impairment and unable to interact in the first language properly. Non-verbal communication is essential especially communicating with the elderly people who having a hearing problem (Caris-Verhallen et al 1999, p.809). In order to improve the quality of interaction with people who having he aring impairment, there were some effective methods to deal with it. For instance, gaining the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attention before speaking, making yourself visible to prevent them being frightened and trying to apply some sensitive touch (Hollman et al 2005, p31). To me, this is a very good and valuable experience because I can learn to develop my non-verbal communication. Due to the language barrier I used most of the body gesturers in my conversation with Mrs. Z. I tried to speak in her dialect as she was only able to speak very limited in the first language. Besides that, one specific type of non-verbal communication which was gesturers, designed to express thoughts and ideas and it was useful for people who unable to use much words (Wold 2004, p.76). Thus, I used my facial expressions to advise her so she could finish the meal. Mrs Z was unwilling to take the meal after few scopes, but I just smiled and told her that it was good for her health if she finished her meal. T hough I was unable to explain clearly the nutrition diet to her, I use my facial expression to encourage her to finish the meal which was prepared according to her condition and need. As according to Wold (2004, p.76), the most expressive is the facial expressions which are always unlimited to particular cultural and age barriers. The communication between Mrs Z and I was the interpersonal communication. The interpersonal communication was interaction which involved of two parties (Funnell et al 2005, p.438). During carrying out my duty, I realized that my nonverbal communication did improve and help me a lot especially when provide the caring to Mrs. Z. However, I found out the language barrier was one of the issues occurs within the communication even though she was able to get few simple phrases and words when I was doing some inquiry from her. Since the patient was not speaking in the official language, I tried to speak in her dialect. Thus, I still had the ability to handle the communication in our conversation but it was very challenging to create the effective verbal communication with the patient. Applying the nonverbal and the verbal communication simultaneously did encourage her to perform better. It was quite tough but at least this could make me understand what she tried to express. From the situation we can see that, when I was asking her questions there was a response from Mrs. Z. A communication occurs as long as an individual was responding to a message received and assigning meaning to it (Funnel et al 2005, p.438). She nodded her head to show that she agreed with me. One of the components of the communication process was the channel which act as a mechanism during the message is sending out (Delaune and Ladner 2002, p.191). Mrs. Z also used her body gesturers and eye behaviour as a feedback to me that she was able to understand it. Thus I could conclude that the form of communication that I used were visual and auditory. A feedback means t hat the sender is receiving the information after the receiver is reacting to the message (Delaune and Ladner 2002, p.191). While, according to Chitty and Black (2007, p.218), feedback is a response to a message. From my stand, I play a role as a sender to convey messages and Mrs Z, as the receiver who agreed to take meal and allow me to feed. Therefore, I could identity that the communication between Mrs Z and I was entangled of five elements of communication process (Delaune and Ladner, 2002, p.191). She needed quite sometimes to familiarise the changes in her day-to-day activities living where I was trying to facilitate her in feeding. In order to develop more skills in my communication, I was trying to involve my emotion and thoughts during the feeding. Eventually, the communication was successfully conducted as she delights in finishing the meal. So it is fundamental to develop rapport with her to inspire her capability to speak up verbally and non-verbal. Furthermore, this ability could help her to communicate successfully with other staffs. Next, people will pay more attention to her because of her oldness or her incapacity to understand the information given about her medication. Communications shows what the patients think and feel. By the way to communicate with adult, it is significant to assess her usual communication language and her ability to work together in the other languages (Hyland and Donaldson 1989). As I tried to use some of the words in her dialect, I basically try to encourage the patient to communicate verbally and non-verbal so that it could be understood. In my view, no matter it was task centred communication or patient-centred communication or both together mentioned by McCabe (2004) actually does involve in the communication with the patients. Therefore, it was not a difficulty to dispute which type of communication contains in my conversation with my patient. After examined the condition, skills and techniques for effective c ommunication with the patient that I had learnt likes the ways of approaching to the patient, asking questions, being an active listening, showing my empathy and comforting or handling the patient emotions (Walsh, 2005, p.34). Effective communication is vital in my duty as I want to know what they need the most during warded under my supervision. Based on my experience, I always learnt that the communication was the ultimate part to create a good relationship. With this, it express that a communication is the key basis of relationship (Wood 2006, p.13). Thus, a good communication must be existed to get to know the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s individual health condition (Walsh, 2005, p.30). Active listening is emphatic listening without two ways emotional involvement to the verbal and nonverbal component of a message. Distinction was existed between the presence of barrier communication when it get along with the patients (Judith Dywer 2013). As this is why active listening is a ve ry important part as in active listening means listening without making judgement and just listening to the patients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"complaints which give me chances to put myself in someones shoes (Arnold 2007, p.201). On the other side, it also crucial to dodge away with the barriers existed in the communication with the patients. When I was talking to the patients about their health condition or asking them if any assistance was needed in their daily activities, I still could sense the existence of the barriers of language. At the same time, I would also keep reminding myself of trying to avoid the barriers in my communication with people by using the open-ended questions but not to non-verbal cues, disrupting, judging and criticising (Funnell et al, 2005, p.453). By doing stereotyping or guesses about the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ views and first impression of patients and lack of consciousness of communication skills are the leading barriers to communications (Walsh 2005, p.31) . I must not judge the patients like donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t judge a book by its cover. In conversely, I have to make patients feel comfortable like a normal individual. An individual should be considerate to respect their fundamental values, culture, beliefs and individual ways of communication (Heath, 2000, p.27). So, I should be able to know on how to create interrelationship with the patients. The seven components which are becoming visible, anticipating needs, being reliable, listening, staying in control, being self-disclosure, caring and respecting for each patient as an individual, being humour when appropriate, educating the patient, distributing the patient some control, and using gestures to show some supports (Crellin 1998, p.49). These ways could provide some useful guidelines to me in order to enhance my communication skills with the patients. In addition, adding on my action plan list is essential as to identify the disabilities that the patients having such as hearing disability, mental disability and visual impairment. So, I could well-prepared my communication method effectively once I was able to identify the disability of patient. The particular skills and considerations should be acquired and required when communicating with people who suffered from sight impairment, hearing impairment and mentality problem (Heath 2000, p28). Furthermore, if the person could not understand, try not to repeat but to speak a little slowly and recast or put another way when interacting with the hearing difficulties people (Nazarko 2004, p.9). For information, in commonly, hearing impairment occurs among adults due to ageing process (Schofield, 2002, p.21). As for me, I would like start a communication with a good rapport in order to find out the factors that affect the patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ability to interact well and try to avoid barriers in order to create a more effective communication in future. As a conclusion, communication is an important part of our everyday life. The suitable use of every part of the types of communication will leads to effective communication. Effective communication also helps to encourage a decent working relationship between you and your staff, which can sequentially improve morale and efficiency (Queensland Government 2015). As to be a people, who are successful in their profession are not only proficient in their functional and technical areas of expertise. They are also communication oriented with the ability to demonstrate professionalism, empathy, awareness and concern for others. They use good listening skills and understand their own concerns and needs. These people are open, approachable and supportive of others (Judith Dywer 2013). Reference List Judith Dwyer 2013, Communication for business and the professions: strategies and skills (fifth edition), published by PEARSON. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reflective Journal on Communication" essay for you Create order

Summary Of The Souls Of Black Folks - 1785 Words

W.E.B. Du Bois writes a collection of essays on race, preferably the African American race, entitled The Souls of Black Folks. In the forethought, Du Bois lets the reader know gather together an introduction of the rest of the book. He introduces you to his concept of â€Å"the veil† Drawing from his own personal experiences, Du Bois develops a remarkable book on how the world is divided by a color line. The divide being between white and privileged, and black and controlled. I will attempt to break down the thought process of Du Bois during the entirety of this synopsis of chapters 1, 3, and 6. How does it feel to be a problem? My immediate thought process to the question lead me to think of the strife happening the world as of now. I would add something though: How does it feel to be a problem when you have no idea as to what you have done? This question has yet to be asked because no one knows how to ask it or how to word it where it would be less harsh. Du Bois says his answer is seldom a word. I gathered from this answer that it is something that he doesn’t like to talk about. But who would want to answer such a delicate question? How would you even formulate such an answer? Du Bois realizes that within society he holds a low position in society. Chapter one discusses the struggles blacks endured during this time. The struggle to gain the right to vote, to obtain a good education, and to receive equal treatment and justice. I concluded that Du Bois puts the Negro raceShow MoreRelatedRemember the Titans Notes885 Words   |  4 Pagesvery hard on Blacks †¢ Black girl advocates Typical female roles †¢ Inner conflict rages within Boone †¢ Power Struggles †¢ Conflict in terms of friendship †¢ Team is gradually resolving community problems †¢ Paralysis has been taken away from him- Gerry physical †¢ Lastik goes to college †¢ Coaches have overcome their differences Techniques- †¢ Quote- IN Virginia, High school football is the way of life . 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Neural Basis of Conciousness

Question: Write an essay on "Neural Basis of Conciousness". Answer: Consciousness is viewed as one of the 'far outskirts' in present day science. The marvel appears to escape all endeavors to logical decrease, and some philosophers contend that we may never have the capacity to uncover its actual nature. Amid the most recent decades, the subject has been taken up by neuroscientists, attempting to locate the 'neural corresponds of cognizance's (the NCC). It appears. Nonetheless, this is not illuminating the question in any genuine sense. What might we find out about cognizance if we knew what neurons or cerebrum structures includes? I think the answer lies in taking an alternate methodology than finding the NCC. Our beginning stage ought to be neuroscience itself, not awareness (which is somewhat not well characterized in any case). I have conceived a speculation about how wonders like outwardly guided conduct, visual consideration, visual memory and conscious visual experience may rise out of various neural instruments. This speculation can be tried (and encourage refined) with examinations utilizing alert carrying on monkeys and human subjects, doing electrophysiological recordings and electrical and pharmacological controls, and also mind imaging (fMRI/EEG) tests. On the off chance that upheld by these examinations, this speculation will uncover that awareness is not what we think it is currently. It is unique about consideration, working memory, reportability, or 'considering'. In some cases, we may even be outwardly cognizant without knowing it ourselves. Along these lines, this new approach in contemplating cognizance, motivated on neuroscience instead of brain science or rationality, may uncover the genuine way of cognizance. In any event, we will learn new things about awareness, not available through our contemplative instinct of it, or using test perceptions which take this ability as a beginning stage. The answer will be: Yes, neuroscience can uncover the genuine way of consciousness. What is Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging or FMRI? Practical Magnetic Resonance Imaging or FMRI is a non-obtrusive method for imaging the actuation of cerebrum ranges by various sorts of physical sensation (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) or action, for example, critical thinking and development (restricted by the machine). Consequently, FMRI sweeps are an inexorably standard instrument for "mind mapping" in subjective science. How Are MRI Machines Constructed? The development of MRI Machines has advanced to some degree throughout the years. Two variables have affected the advancement of MRI configuration; (1) the longing to upgrade picture quality and (2) The craving to make the scanners less binding for the patient/subject. The following are a portion of the configuration advancements acquainted with make MRI scanners less claustrophobic and permit the subject more flexibility for performing assignments while being checked. Figure 1 demonstrates a run of the mill MRI scanner where the subject almost encases inside the great container of the scanner. Figure 2 illustrates how architects the abbreviated the scanner burrow. Short-exhausted plans are less claustrophobic for the patient. These methods facilitate the feeling of incarceration, yet at the same time restrict the subject's capacity to participate in assignments. Stand-up scanners like the one appeared in figure 3 are more advantageous for patients and permit imaging in the ordinary disposition and weight-bearing conditions. The scanner is brought down around the subject, who sits on a customizable seat. Finally, figure 4 indicates open MRI scanners, which take into account a more noteworthy scope of the undertakings in issue and also facilitating the subject's feeling of repression. In spite of the fact that specifics of outline fluctuate, the essential components of an MRI scanner stay the same (See underneath). The scanner comprises a substantial magnet (blue) that makes the required attractive field. Magnet quality in MRI frameworks measures in units of exciting flux thickness called a "Tesla." A Telsa is sufficient attractive power to incite 1 volt of authority in a separate curl circuit amid 1 second of time for each square meter. 1 Tesla is proportional to 10,000 gausses, another measure of attractive power characterized as one line of authority for each square centimeter every second of time. Current magnet quality differs from 0.5-tesla to 2.0-tesla. Be that as it may, analysts created 3-tesla MRI scanners in the late 90's which are turning out to be more basic. To put those numbers in context, the Earth's attractive field is around 0.5-guass or .000005-tesla. Notwithstanding the primary magnet, there are additionally inclination loops (red). These slope curls are electro-attractive loops which experts use to adjust the attractive major field at exceptionally specific focuses and for unequivocally controlled times. Inclination curls can change to conform the machine for the sort of body material to image. Finally, MRI scanners additionally join radio recurrence curls which can send an engaged radio recurrence beat into the scanner chamber. Professionals can change the radio recurrence curls to modify for materials and body parts What does FMRI measures? When you say 'Brain movement,' numerous individuals first consider action maps created by functional, attractive reverberation imaging (fMRI; see figure 1). As a non-obtrusive braining imaging strategy, fMRI has turned into the go-to workhorse of subjective neuroscience. Since the principal papers distributed in the mid-1990s, there has been a blast of studies utilizing this procedure to study cerebrum capacity, from fundamental observation to psyche perusing for speaking with bolted inpatients or recognizing lies in criminal examinations. Taking care of business, fMRI gives unparalleled access to a point by point examples of movement in the sound human cerebrum; even from a pessimistic standpoint, fMRI could decrease to a costly generator of 3-dimensional Rorschach pictures. To comprehend the relative qualities and shortcomings of fMRI, it is fundamental to see precisely what fMRI measures. Without diving too profoundly into the low down (see beneath for further understanding), we w ill cover the rudiments that are fundamental for comprehension the potential and points of confinement of this ever prevalent and capable apparatus. "fMRI does not straightforwardly quantify mind movement." Above all else, power is the dialect of the mind. At any minute, there are an enormous number of modest electrical driving forces (activity possibilities) zooming around your mind. At synaptic intersections, these driving forces discharge particular chemicals (i.e., neurotransmitters), which like this adjust the electrical action in the next cell. It is the basic premise for neural correspondence. By one means or another, these procedures support each idea/feeling/activity you have ever experienced. Our test is to see how these electric occasions offer ascent to these wonders of the psyche. Nonetheless, fMRI does not precisely gauge electrical movement (analyze EEG, MEG, intracranial neurophysiology); yet rather it quantifies the strange results of neural action (the hemodynamic reaction). Strengths and Limitations of FMRI The huge point of interest of fMRI is that it doesn't utilize radiation like X-beams, figured tomography (CT) and positron outflow tomography (PET) filters. If done effectively, fMRI has no dangers. It can assess cerebrum work securely, noninvasively and adequately. fMRI is anything but difficult to utilize, and the pictures it produces are great determination (as itemized as 1 millimeter). Likewise, contrasted with the conventional survey techniques for mental assessment, fMRI is much more target. However, fMRI likewise has its disadvantages. To begin with, it's costly. Second, it can just catch a clear picture if the individual examined stays totally still. Also, third, specialists still don't totally see how it functions. FMRI measures of inhibitory control Inhibitory control in healthy people connected with a for the most part right lateralized system, including the IFG, ACC/presupplementary engine region (SMA) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and besides parietal and subcortical ranges, including the thalamus and basal ganglia.15,36,37 Experimental studies have given data on the particular commitment of these areas in actualizing inhibitory control. A late theory recommends that the privilege IFG, in inhibitory control, distinguishes behaviourally significant jolts (e.g., no-go or stop-signal boosts) in participation with the substandard parietal projection (IPL) and fleeting parietal intersection (TPJ) through its impacts on jolt driven consideration, which is a critical component of both go/no-go and stop-signal undertaking performance.1820 Given the nearness of the pre-SMA/dorsal ACC (dACC) to the engine territories, the capacity of this district might be reaction determination and overhauling engine plans.38 notwithstand ing frontal and parietal locales, the association of subcortical regions in inhibitory control entrenches through input circles that interface these areas with prefrontal and motor areas.15,36,39 As a broad premise of fMRI studies has reliably demonstrated that initiation in this corticalstriatalthalamic system is connected to inhibitory control in sound members, contrasts in mind actuation in this order amid the execution of inhibitory control standards in people with addictions in respect to controls can be deciphered as the nearness of neural shortages in inhibitory control in these people. FMRI measures of Error handling The essential part of the ACC in mistake handling proposed by ERP thinks about has been affirmed in fMRI concentrates on. All the more particularly, Ridderinkhof and colleagues24 recommend that the dACC/pre-SMA is reliably actuated amid checking of progressing conduct. A few specialists recommend that this locale screens reaction struggle or the probability of errors55,56 instead of mistake preparing as such. Two free meta-examinations have demonstrated that both reaction strife and reaction blunder enact the dACC.8,57 Functional MRI contemplates exploring mistake handling the further show that an active neural system coactivates with the dACC, including the respective insula, DLPFC, thalamus and right IPL.57,58 Functional cooperations among these locales have accounted for, particularly between the dACC and the DLPFC.59 Performance mistakes in the human cerebrum prepared by a neural circuit that broadens past the dACC and incorporates the insula, DLPFC, thalamus and parietal areas. This blunder making course all things considered screens and alter conduct when important. As the neuroanatomical substrate of mistake handling has reliably been shown in fMRI ponders in solid members, initiation contrasts between people with addictions and controls in this blunder preparing system might be translated as a neural correspond of conceivable error related shortfalls in people with addictions Conclusion fMRI is a standout amongst the most common strategies in intellectual neuroscience, and absolutely the most feature snatching. fMRI gives unparalleled access to the examples of cerebrum action fundamental human recognition, memory, and activity; yet like any strategy, there are critical confinements. To value these points of isolation, it is vital to see a portion of the essential standards of fMRI. References Baumgartner, R., Somorjai, R., Ryner, L. (2001). Are global methods appropriate for fMRI data analysis? An in vivo fMRI study of the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of fMRI data. Neuroimage, 13(6), 74. Centeno, M. Carmichael, D. (2014). 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Play It Again Rita Essays - English-language Films, Open University

Play It Again Rita The play Educating Rita by Willy Russell gained great popularity especially during the early eighties. There has also been a movie made from it starring Julie Walters and the more famous Michael Caine. As so often the case, the movie was more elaborate with additional scenes, some of which were spoken of or retold by the actors in the play. The movie also included several actors while the play only featured two, Frank and Rita. After having read the play and seen the movie I am struck by a number of differences. Seemingly subtle, many small details have a great impact on how the story can and is being perceived. The movie offers much more background information on other characters and events that are important to the story. 'The Screenwriter's Bible' by David Trottier offers a good insight in script writing and story structure. It deals with the basic elements of a typical screenplay, and explains what it actually is that an audience craves. Many of the principles can and should be applied to any story whether a screenplay, theatric play, novel or short story. The play is much more predictable in the sense that a great many things are bound not to happen on stage. In fact nothing taking place outside Frank's office can be seen by the audience. All action is inevitably confined within these four walls. When Frank invites Rita to his home for dinner in the play the audience are not set up for suspension as to how it will turn out since they already know that whatever happens will not take place before them, but will be retold. The movie is several scenes richer. Some of these scenes are in the play retold by the actors and some of them are not there at all. Scene three in act two begins with Frank cursing "Sod them-no fuck them! Fuck them, eh, Rita? Neither Rita or the audience have the first clue as to what he is referring to. As the dialogue progresses they audience is informed that he is upset because the students reported him since he had been very drunk while giving his last lecture. The audience never get to see the actual scene where this happens. The can never witness Frank staggering and slurring in front of the class. They are not given a fair chance to make an assessment whether they accept Frank's behavior and side with him, or if they think it serves him right to be reported. David Trottier claims "Never tell what you can show. Be as visual as possible. Rather than two ladies at tea commenting on the fact that Darla skydives for relaxation, show us Darla actually jumping from a plane, or show her coming home with a parachute and trying to stuff it into the closet." The fact that the audience meet with only two characters in the play is limiting in the sense that a lot of information is implicit or even withheld. David Trottier says "One key to making a drama dramatic is to create a strong central character with a powerful goal, and then provide a strong opposition character who tries to stop the central character from achieving this goal. This assures us of conflict. And conflict is drama." Denny, Rita's husband strongly opposes her spending time on education. He wants her to have a baby and become a house-wife and throughout most of the play he is trying make her quit what she is doing. Denny is definitely the opposition character. In the play Rita tells Frank that Denny has burnt all her books, and again the action is retold. In the movie we actually get to see the anger and frenzy of Denny, which gives a much more clear background and perhaps a deeper understanding of Rita's conflict with her husband. Another thing that sheds more light on things is the ending of the movie which makes for a more definite resolution. In the end of the last scene of the play Rita says "I'm gonna take ten years off you..." and then proceeds to cut Frank's hair. The movie takes us a little further. We get to