Formulate Strategies Knowledge Management

Question: Discuss about the Formulate Strategies for Knowledge Management. Answer: Introduction Any business always has a plan to increase its capacity and to serve a wider market. Many companies formulate strategies that will increase their competitiveness in the market as well as increase shareholders wealth. With the dynamics of the economy, it is essential for every business to manage the knowledge available in the industry. The diffusion of awareness in the market has become vital for the competitiveness and survival of different organizations. Moreover, different organizations view knowledge as an intellectual asset while others consider knowledge as a different commodity that cannot add the firm any value. They describe knowledge as a product that cannot be consumed and it cannot be lost if transferred to a third party. Additionally, they argue that knowledge is abundant in the business world and cannot be termed as a scarce resource. In the modern world, knowledge can be acquired from different sources including the internet and journals which have abundant. With the dynamism in the market labor, intensive manufacturing companies are slowly giving way to the knowledge-based organizations (Dalkir Liebowitz, 2011). This has been propelled by the need for the organization to reduce the cost of production and to improve the quality of goods produced. Any organization in the knowledge age is an organization that can easily learn, remember and act according to the information available to them and the level of skills present. In light with this, this study will illuminate on the importance of managing knowledge in the infrastructure development oriented business of Protasco Berhad (PB). It will also investigate the effect of knowledge advantage the application of the SECI model to the different businesses carried out by PB. Hislop,(2013) defined Knowledge management as a process designed to help in the identification, capturing and documentation of the companys intellectual property or assets so as to increase its competitiveness and performance in the industry. He further added that knowledge management is composed of two critical activities which include the capturing and documentation of individual knowledge and the dissemination of the knowledge in the organization. On the other hand Dalkir Liebowitz, (2011) defined knowledge management as the administration of the organization intellectual assets with the aim of creating more value and meeting the strategic requirements set by the organization. He also adds that the process many consists of other factors such as the initiative, strategies, processes and the systems that promote the assessment, storage sharing and the creation of knowledge. Purpose of knowledge management Management of knowledge is composed of three different components. These components include people processes and technology. The process includes knowledge distribution, content management retrieval of information and implementation of projects (Perry Bernard, 2014). To ensure elimination of ambiguity, the process should be made as simple as possible to enable easy understanding by the employees of the organization. Knowledge management also draws some of its components from various fields such as organizational science, logistics, and computational logistics as well as cognitive science. Moreover, knowledge management can also be traced back to fields like communication studies, information and library science and education and training. There are two types of knowledge that managers can use in the making of different decisions. They include the tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge (Holsapple, 2013). The tacit knowledge is difficult to comprehend as well as to put it in words, drawings or text. Additionally, this type of experience can adapt to new and exceptional situations thus promoting the sharing of vision and transmission of culture. Explicit knowledge, on the other hand, represents information that has already been transferred into other tangible forms including, audio recordings, images, and texts. The technological part of knowledge management is essential for the provision of a forum where knowledge can be shared and secure management of the documents present in the enterprise. Additionally, technology also supports collaboration and workflow in the business. These components are essential and provide a secure and central space where customers, employees suppliers, and the partners can share knowledge, exchange information and guide each other in practical decision making in the organization (Sian Lee Kelkar, 2013). To enable easy information sharing, most corporates use the knowledge portal which is a technological application where customers, employees and other partners get a forum to interact. Other forms of technology used include lotus notes databases and the Microsoft technologies (Papadopoulos et al., 2013). The use of technology by PB will enable the company to strategies on its investment plans and focus on its objectives on innovation and maintenance of the government supported roads. Furthermore, it provides the organization with the ability to respond, discriminate and reapply different information and strategies that had previously been a success in the organization Specific knowledge Knowledge management in an organization comprises of different assets in an organization. Some of these assets include stakeholders relationships, human resources, physical infrastructure, culture and intellectual property. For PB Company, its specific knowledge includes tools, organization culture, the management skills, business strategy and training and development. These intangible assets are essential in ensuring that every part of the organization is involved in ensuring that the set goals are achieved (Holsapple, 2013).This portrays a strong interconnection between the organization strategies and the goals. Furthermore, it includes the management of knowledge that is essential for creating value for the organization. Managing knowledge comprises of a mix of strategies which include per peer monitoring, storytelling and learning from the mistakes made in the past. Besides, it also makes use of different techniques from the knowledge-based systems and designs. In an infrastructu re development oriented business, knowledge-based strategy will help the organization in reducing the amount of cost it uses in the production of quality goods and services (Sian Kelkar, 2013). For example, if PB decides to adopt a new technology in its road care department, the maintenance cost of the roads will be cheaper and improve its overall competitiveness in the market. Knowledge management helps the organizations by opening the doors of collaboration and sharing. In the modern economy, businesses target a wider market that can only be achieved by involvement in merger or acquisition strategies. Knowledge management in the infrastructure business may need the PB Company to collaborate with its peers in the international markets to facilitate the exchange of ideas and to acquire answers to some of the complex questions in the industry. Moreover, it allows the employees of the organization to communicate effectively with the top management of the organization as well as strengthening their bond with the customers. The infrastructure business requires minimal mistakes in decision making due to the huge capital outlay required in production. Knowledge management thus helps in solving the most of the problems faced by the organizations, especially in decision making (Woods Cortada, 2013). Additionally, knowledge management helps the business to acquire more skills and expertise in different fields that help the origination in increasing efficiency and productivity (Jimnez-Jimnez et al., 2014). For example, the PB research and development division that deals with the searching for solutions for the infrastructure problems may benefit from information sharing and the use of new technology. The new technology may mean that the firm will have better methods of approaching the problem which is an added advantage in the industry. Knowledge management in the infrastructure business leads to intensified speed of responsiveness. The time needed to carry out any activity is based on the complexity, the agency of work and the level of technology in the company. Further, the degree of responsiveness will change the time taken in making decisions that are relevant in grabbing the business opportunities available. Besides, the time required to respond to customer inquiry would be fastened to include stages like receiving inquiry, processing of the quotation by the finance department and the preparation of any proposal. Consequently, all these procedures can be done simultaneously by the use of extranet, the Internet, and intranet. By adopting knowledge management in the organization, the manager of PB will be able to enhance quality and the ability to collaborate on improving the methods of operation and enabling interaction with different experts in the industry. Additionally, the firm will be able to improve o the return on investment, provide value added services, adopting different methods of solving problems and centralization of its data (Urbancova, 2013). The managers of the PB Company will also help in the coordination of the information and clustering the data available in the organization. However, it is also important for the management to also take into account the copyright issue in the collection and presenting of knowledge. The coverage and documentation of the information in the organization does not need a standardized format of presentation. The managers can use directories, reports from different organizations maps, charts, and organizational structures and the set rules and policies to achieve the organizational goals. Knowledge management is an essential element in ensuring the growth and profitability of any organization, especially the infrastructure development oriented business (Meihami Meihami, 2014). For PB, the sharing and diversification of information are an essential component. It will help the organization to reduce the risk faced by its diversified portfolio as well as employing more innovative strategies in managing its infrastructure business. Knowledge advantage It is important for every organization to put in place the knowledge agenda as one of their goals. This is because knowledge advantage helps the firm to win the confidence of their clients and ensuring that customer satisfaction is achieved (McIver, 2013). Moreover, knowledge plays a vital role in the improvement of customer service, the growth in revenue and the increase of the level of innovation in the organization. Perry and Bernard,(2014) noted that, knowledge helps the company to achieve more than 81 percent of its goals through the capturing and sharing information obtained from the employees and the external environment. In his research Zheng, (2010) noted that over the last decade the achievement of most companies could be traced back to knowledge related activities including maintenance of customer satisfaction, capturing and using their employee skills effectively as well as improving the products markets and customer knowledge (Noruzy et al., 2013). Although knowledge plays a significant role in an organization, different organizations use them in distinct ways depending on the level of industry mix and the standard of economic maturity (Kim Slater, 2013). In many multinational companies, knowledge is employed in the shaping of the organizational strategies and the board of directors. Moreover, gaining knowledge is based on gaining a competitive advantage and adding value to the organization through working smarter and the embracing of both innovative and quality delivery culture (Urbancova, 2013). The competitive advantage that can be gained by an organization may range from the production of quality goods at a lower cost or production of a differentiated product that the competitors cannot easily replicate. With the dynamism in the business world, the management is required to open up different ways of thinking and to pay attention the development of new thinking capabilities in various individuals. While knowledge is a human attribute, it has been embedded in the systems and inanimate products and has widely been used in the setting of organizational goals (Kianto et al., 2014). Consequently, knowledge advantage can be divided into three groups; the ICT infrastructure, leadership infrastructure and people infrastructure (Dalkir Liebowitz, 2011). The ICT infrastructure helps the organization to benefit from various technological advancements as well as ICT applications. The infrastructure also helps the organization in the acquisition of information from other relate businesses and communication with its suppliers. The ICT infrastructure comprises of portals and interfaces of an organization intranet, problem-solving tools, group wave systems, and the World Wide Web (Zheng, 2010). Peop le infrastructure, on the other hand, helps the entity to get knowledge infrastructure from the different skills from the employees and the management of the company. Additionally, the knowledge infrastructure helps in the nurturing and supporting of both the people infrastructure and the ICT infrastructure. Socialization, Externalization, Combination, Internalization (SECI) Model To adequately understand the importance of knowledge advantage in an organization, it is important to evaluate the study by Ikujiro Nonaka. The researcher evaluated the concept of explicit and tacit knowledge and assessed the focus of the western companies. He later introduced the SECI model which had become a pillar of knowledge creation (Sian Kelkar, 2013). Further, he proposed four different ways that knowledge could be combined or converted. The model is an illustration of the interaction of various types of knowledge. The methods applied by the model in its operation include management techniques and communication technologies, which help in the improvement of the performance of the organization (Becerra-Fernandez Sabherwal, 2014). In Nonaka's model, there are four types of knowledge-creating processes which include socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. The socialization process emphasizes on tacit knowledge. This is because it gives more explanation on a topic and helps in the creation of new knowledge using such methods as observing, interactions, analyzing, discussing and living in the same environment (Al-Busaidi Olfman, 2017). Through socializing, people can create and secret knowledge from their different life experiences. Furthermore, companies gain more knowledge from external sources from interaction with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders (Noruzy et al., 2013). The notion of socialization can also be traced back to the traditional environments where siblings used to learn different techniques from their parents including woodcarving. Using the socialization process, the PB Company acquires more information on how to improve some of their businesses such as PB education and the PB research and development business. Internalization of knowledge Externalization process of the model focuses on both the tacit and the explicit knowledge linking. Moreover, it helps in the creation of new knowledge from different sources that will, in turn, help the entire organization (Ellison et al., 2015). Models and metaphor analogy drive externalization process in most cases making it a unique method of information acquisition. Different firms in the manufacturing sector combine their experiences to solve the various production problems faced in the industry. The combination segment includes where knowledge is transformed from tacit to explicit knowledge. It involves the collection of financial reports by the finance department and is consolidated in the formulation of the annual financial records. Also, it makes use of the organization's database to sort, add and categories different business reports. In internalization, explicit knowledge is created by using tacit knowledge. If an individual practices or makes good use of the tacit knowledge, it broadens the knowledge created (Jimnez-Jimnez et al., 2014). Organizations, on the other hand, will gain from the knowledge if it is shared through the different socialization platforms. The organizations, in turn, provide different training programs to their employees at the various stages (Ahmad et al., 2014). Consequently, when the employees read the training manuals and documents, they can internalize the knowledge and create new knowledge in turn. Conclusion In managing its portfolio, it is important for PB to take advantage of the knowledge present both in the organization and from other stakeholders. Knowledge advantage helps the company in the identification of its strength and weakness through the SWAT analysis. By making use of the available information, PB will be able to increase the level of production and reduce the total cost. Additionally, the knowledge will help the organization to reach a wider market and to create a strong bond with their customers. On the other hand, knowledge management can directly be linked with the knowledge advantage that an organization benefits from. Both aspects help the organization to globalize the business, manage corporate amnesia and to achieve technological advancement across all the departments. Therefore, it is the duty of the PB management to ensure that knowledge management principles and knowledge advantage aspects are taken into account to ensure that the organization achieves greater g oals at lower costs. References Ahmad, A., Bosua, R., Scheepers, R. (2014). Protecting organizational competitive advantage: A knowledge leakage perspective.Computers Security,42, 27-39. Al-Busaidi, K. A., Olfman, L. (2017). Knowledge Sharing Through Inter-organizational Knowledge Sharing Systems.VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems,47(1). Becerra-Fernandez, I., Sabherwal, R. (2014).Knowledge management: Systems and processes. Routledge. Dalkir, K., Liebowitz, J. (2011).Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT press. Ellison, N. B., Gibbs, J. L., Weber, M. S. (2015). The use of enterprise social network sites for knowledge sharing in distributed organizations: The role of organizational affordances.American Behavioral Scientist,59(1), 103-123. Hislop, D. (2013).Knowledge management in organizations: A critical introduction. Oxford University Press. Holsapple, C. (Ed.). (2013).Handbook on knowledge management 1: Knowledge matters(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Martnez-Costa, M., Sanz-Valle, R. (2014). Knowledge management practices for innovation: a multinational corporations perspective.Journal of Knowledge Management,18(5), 905-918. Kianto, A., Ritala, P., Spender, J. C., Vanhala, M. (2014). The interaction of intellectual capital assets and knowledge management practices in organizational value creation.Journal of Intellectual Capital,15(3), 362-375. Kim, N., Im, S., Slater, S. F. (2013). Impact of knowledge type and strategic orientation on new product creativity and advantage in high?technology firms.Journal of Product Innovation Management,30(1), 136-153. McIver, D., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Lengnick-Hall, M. L., Ramachandran, I. (2013). Understanding work and knowledge management from a knowledge-in-practice perspective.Academy of Management Review,38(4), 597-620. Meihami, B., Meihami, H. (2014). Knowledge Management a way to gain a competitive advantage in firms (evidence of manufacturing companies).International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (14), 80-91. Nonaka, I., Toyama, R. (2015). The Knowledge-creating Theory Revisited: Knowledge Creation as a Synthesizing Process. InThe Essentials of Knowledge Management(pp. 95-110). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Noruzy, A., Dalfard, V. M., Azhdari, B., Nazari-Shirkouhi, S., Rezazadeh, A. (2013). Relations between transformational leadership, organizational learning, knowledge management, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: an empirical investigation of manufacturing firms.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,64(5-8), 1073-1085. Perry, D. N., Bernard, A. (2014). Knowledge Management.CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, 723-729. Papadopoulos, T., Stamati, T., Nopparuch, P. (2013). Exploring the determinants of knowledge sharing via employee weblogs.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), 133-146. Sian Lee, C., Kelkar, R. S. (2013). ICT and knowledge management: perspectives from the SECI model.The Electronic Library,31(2), 226-243. Urbancova, H. (2013). Competitive advantage achievement through innovation and knowledge.Journal of Competitiveness,5(1). Woods, J. A., Cortada, J. (2013).The knowledge management yearbook 2000-2001. Routledge. Zheng, W., Yang, B., McLean, G. N. (2010). Linking organizational culture, structure, strategy, and organizational effectiveness: Mediating role of knowledge management.Journal of Business research,63(7), 763-771.

Police Related Essay Topics

Police Related Essay TopicsPolice related essays are often times considered to be either dull or boring. What can you do about this fact? Well, there are many ways you can spice up a police-related essay topic and make it more interesting for yourself.The main purpose of such an essay is to get an insight into the job of a police officer, so it is imperative that you are able to address the many aspects of the police force in your essay. There are three aspects that you should consider when writing a police related essay.What you write is quite important as it helps determine whether or not your essay is satisfactory or not. Many people use different techniques to create their essays, but if you know how to write well, you have to use the same technique to write a police related essay. Start by writing about your family and friends, how you met them and what you have in common. Share stories from your past and your experiences with them in a positive manner.After doing so, focus on t he present and relate your police related essay topics to them. You have to write about how your life has changed since your college days. You have to share the ways that your life has changed since you started working as a police officer.You have to also mention what role played by the college in shaping you into a police officer. The four years you spent in college will help you greatly as you enter your career as a police officer. It will show to potential employers that you have done your best and you have gone through tough years while studying.Police officers must do well in all areas of a person's life. If you think that it would be difficult for you to handle several responsibilities, then perhaps it is best for you to drop the police related essay topics. It is always best that you focus on one subject and improve in that area.You should also try to include the entire story of how you became a police officer. As you write down the details of your career, write down every as pect. When it comes to a police related essay topic, the importance of the information should not be underestimated.A police officer, whether civilian or police officer, is usually expected to do a lot of paperwork. However, that does not mean that you cannot add fun and games to the entire paper. Write down the funny and sad situations that have happened in your life while working as a police officer and make it very engaging.

Fathers And Sons Essays - Fathers And Sons, Bazarov, Family, Father

Father's And Sons Turgenov's Fathers and Sons has several characters who hold strong views of the world. Pavel believes that Russia needs structure from such things as institution, religion, and class hierarchy. Madame Odintsov views the world as simple so long as she keeps it systematic and free from interference. This essay will focus on perhaps the most interesting and complex character in Fathers and Sons: Bazarov. Vladimir Nabakov writes that "Turgenov takes his creature [B] out of a self-imposed pattern and places him in the the normal world of chance." By examining Bazarov this essay will make this statement more clear to the reader. Using nihilism as a starting point we shall look at Bazarov's views and interpretations of science, government and institution. Next we will turn to the issue relationships. Finally we examine Bazarov's death and the stunning truths it reveals. These issues combined with the theme of nihilism will prove that chance, or fate is a strong force which cannot easily be negated. Nihilism as a concept is used throughout Fathers and Sons. To gain a better understanding of the ideas behind this term let's look at what Bazarov says on the subject. "We base our conduct on what we recognize as useful... the most useful thing we can do is to repudiate - and so we repudiate" (123). The base concept of nihilism is to deny or negate, and as we learn later in the same paragraph, to negate everything. With this 'destruction' of everything from science to art there is no building for nihilists, as Bazarov says "That is not our affair" (126). Nihilists view the current structure of society as concerned with such trivialties as 'art' and 'parliamentism' while ignoring real life issues such as food, freedom, and equally. Nihilists are aware of these social woes and hence mentally deny to recognize any of the present authority or institutions which only serve to perpetuate a myth. Bazarov agrees with the statement that nihilism "confine[s] [oneself] to abuse" (126). "... I don't believe in anything: and what is science-science in the abstract? There are sciences as there are trades and professions, but abstract science just doesn't exist" (98). For Bazarov anything that is not tangible and concrete doesn't exist. Psychology, quantum mechanics, neurochemistry would be scoffed at by Bazarov. It seems peculiar that Bazarov would say, "... nowadays we laugh at medicine in general, and worship no one," (197) while at the same time he pursues a career as a doctor. The medicine that Bazarov uses deals in the 'pure sciences', that is his ideas comes from practice not theory. By looking closer at Bazarov we discover that his work confirms his nihilistic ideas. To explain, one only need look at Bazarov's main focus; the dissection of frogs. Each time he pokes around the anatomy of a frog he notices they all have similar structures (heart, liver, intestine's etc). Humans also share a common internal anatomy. Abstract concepts like authority, religion or science to not naturally exist within people and are only made 'real' by others. Bazarov knows this and his studies confirm his rebellious attitude. Bazarov says, "All men are similar, in soul as well as in body ... and the so-called moral qualities are the same in all of us" (160). As with general science Bazarov feels nothing towards art. "... You assume that I have no feeling for art - and it is true, I haven't" (159). Art is trivial to Bazarov and accomplishes nothing, therefore he doesn't recognize it. It is the same with nature, "Bazarov was rather indifferent to the beauties of nature" (169). There is a saying, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." What if the beholder has no eye for beauty? Such is the case with Bazarov. The point for Bazarov is that aesthetics in art and nature only serve to divert attention from pressing issues such as corruption in society and structural change. These are what concerns a nihilists, not the latest prose from Pushkin or painting from Alexander. Institutions such as education, government and established authority are scorned by Bazarov. "Everyone ought to educate himself" (105). Since indoctrination of the established society begins with education, a nihilist should view education from behind the barrel of a shotgun. Logic is of no use Bazarov, "You don't need logic, I suppose, to put a piece of bread in your mouth" (123). The nihilist agenda, that is, the need for tearing down of structure is beyond logic and is as necessary as eating or breathing. In addition Bazarov

Major Themes in Much Ado About Nothing

Major Themes in Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare’s treatment of love in ​Much Ado About Nothing​ differs from his other romantic comedies. Sure, it shares the same​ stagy plot, which finishes with the lovers finally getting together, but Shakespeare also mocks the conventions of courtly love that were popular at the time. Although Claudio and Hero’s marriage is central to the plot, their love at first sight–type of relationship is the least interesting one in the play. Instead, the audiences attention is drawn to Benedick and Beatrice’s unromantic backbiting. This relationship seems more believable and enduring because they are painted as a match of intellectual equals and dont fall in love with each other based on superficiality. By contrasting these two different types of love, Shakespeare manages to poke fun at the conventions of courtly, romantic love. Claudio uses highly contrived language when speaking of love, which is undermined by Benedick and Beatrice’s banter: â€Å"Can the world buy such a jewel?† says Claudio of Hero. â€Å"My dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet living?† says Benedick of Beatrice. As an audience, we are supposed to share Benedick’s frustration with Claudio’s transparent, pompous rhetoric of love: â€Å"He was wont to speak plain and to the purpose, like an honest man and a soldier...His words are a very fantastical banquet, just so many strange dishes.† DeceptionFor Bad and Good As the title suggests, there is a lot of fuss over very little in the play- after all, if Claudio weren’t so impetuous, Don John’s rather weak plan to ruin Don Pedros reputation and disrupt the marriage of Claudio and Hero wouldn’t have worked at all. What makes the plot so intricate is the use of deception throughout, via trickery, lies, written messages, eavesdropping, and spying. Back when the play was staged, the audience would have understood that title is also a pun on noting, or being observant, even bringing the deception theme into the title. (The words are thought to have been pronounced similarly back then.) The most obvious example of deception is when Don John falsely slanders Hero for his own mischief, which is countered by the friar’s plan to pretend Hero is dead. The manipulation of Hero from both sides renders her a passive character throughout the play. She does very little and becomes an interesting character only through the other character’s deceit.   Perception of Reality Deception is also used as a force for good in the play, as in Beatrice and Benedick’s scenes where they overhear conversations. Here, the device is used to great comic effect and to manipulate the two lovers into accepting each other. The use of deception in their storyline is necessary because it is the only way they could be convinced to allow love into their lives. Phrased another way, the theme could also be called one of perception, or how truth can differ from reality. Both couples have to discover the true nature of their beloved. It is interesting that all of Much Ado’s characters are so willing to be deceived: Claudio doesn’t stop to suspect Don John’s actions, both Benedick and Beatrice are willing to completely change their worldview after overhearing things about each other, and Claudio is willing to marry a complete stranger to appease Leonato. But, then again, it is a lighthearted Shakespearean comedy.

Accountancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Accountancy - Essay Example But as any student of business knows, evaluation of managerial efficiency or corporate health is not that straightforward an issue. There are two reasons for that. Firstly, all organisations are not established with the objective of earning profit, especially those that are owned and operated by the public sector. If you feel confused at this comment, just think about the London tube railway. Though nobody would be unhappy if it could earn what is commonly known as commercial profit, would any citizen ever quiz the service it provides and, would any government ever dare to even think of discontinuing the service as it is not a profit making venture? Obviously not, since it was conceived as public utility. The second reason why profit calculated by the mercantile method is not always a true indicator of the commercial success of business enterprise is the accrual concept and the conservative approach which lie at the heart of any set of accounts prepared anywhere in the world. By taking into account all possible or even vaguely plausible expenses and ignoring all incomes except those that are absolutely sure, the accountant in effect tries to take a hyper conservative approach and presents a situation which cannot be worse. It might suit those at the helm of affairs of business houses, but these two basic tenets of accountancy do indeed paint a picture which is bleaker than what the actual situation is. Thus many stalwarts of accounting profession strongly feel that a trend of profits, instead of profits earned in individual periods and considered in isolation, would be a better estimate to gauge the financial health of an enterprise. And there is, rather was, a lot of confusion regarding how far conservatism could be stretched while drawing up accounts for a financial year. Some opinion makers of this profession were passionate about the independence of accountants and argued in favour of the

Marketing In Harvard Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing In Harvard Style - Essay Example Individuals are exposed to tens of thousands of advertisements in a single day.With all these numerous advertisements being bombarded at a single buyer,marketers craftily design their campaigns in consideration to the consumer's processing of these stimuli in order to make a purchase decision. In doing so, they keep in mind what is called consumer perception or "the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world" (Kotler 2005). It is irrefutable that each individual processes stimuli differently because of personal differences. Thus, perception varies among individuals who perceive the same thing. This is due to three perceptual processes known as selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention.Selective attention refers to the ability of the consumers to notice and to be attracted only be advertisements which appeal to them. With all massive amount of advertisement each day, customer s are only captivated by those which are relevant to them. It is found out that the advertisement which catches customers' attention are those stimuli which represents their current need, those which they anticipate, and those whose deviation are large in relation to the normal size of stimuli (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). For example, an ad which features beauty products which inhibits oil production will irrefutably attract one who is searching for one. Likely, if the ad is placed in a health and beauty specialist, the customers are expected to notice. And lastly, bigger discounts are more likely to be taken note of than smaller ones. The next process is called selective distortion which refers to "the tendency of customers to twist information into personal meanings" (Kotler 2005) and interpret them according to their needs. It should be noted that the different background of the consumers enables them to interpret advertisements in their individual ways which is influenced by their social class, employment, and others. Lastly, selective retention refers to the customers' remembering of their selected products' good points while forgetting that of the competitors' products advantages (Lynch 2003). As a marketer, advertisements are usually designed according to their intended market. Companies make advertisements which appeal to a specific target market by using celebrities, colors, and dramatic effects which will likely attract them. Offering huge discounts are also other ways of capturing their attention. However, in selective distortion, there is nothing much that a marketer can do in order to influence buyers. Selective retention is facilitated by repeating the messages that they intend the buyer to learn. The key in advertising still, is the marketers' understanding of customers which will perceive and experience them. Question 2. 1. A reference group "consists of all groups with a direct (face-to face) or indirect effect on all people's attitudes or behaviors" (Kotler 2005). 2. The four types of reference groups include primary groups, secondary groups, aspirational groups, and disassociative groups. Primary groups which are those which have a direct influence on the person because of his continuous and informal interaction with them including his family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. On the other hand, more formal relations which require less continuous interaction like religious groups, trade associations, and professional are called secondary groups. Aspirational groups are those which the individuals aspires to have membership of while disassociative ones represents those which have values or beliefs that a customer finds unacceptable (Kotler and Armstrong 2005). 3. Customers associate themselves with reference groups because of their want to be acceptable to the people within the group, they

11 & 12 Language related assignment Essay Example for Free

11 12 Language related assignment Essay Generative Context A woman student in Brighton walked home by herself late at night and was mugged. She was carrying a lot of cash, didn’t tell her friends she was leaving the club and walked down some dark steps. The next day I criticised her actions. 2. Meaning We use this form to express a critical attitude towards the past actions of someone else. (Advice after the event – Rosemary Aitken – Teaching Tenses – p. 138) 3. Form (subject) + should (+ not) + have + past participle 4. Phonemic transcription, including marking the main stressed syllables (Longman dictionary of contemporary English) Particular attention needs to be paid to the weak form of â€Å"have† and, possibly there may need to be some revision of the various pronunciations of the â€Å"ed† ending of the past participle 5. Concept checking questions (with answers), and, where appropriate, time lines, diagrams, pictures, etc Did she go home by herself? Yes Was it dangerous? Maybe Was it a good idea? No Am I criticising her? Yes Am I talking about the past or the future? The past Entirely accurate Accesses reference material reference information learned about language to an appropriate source No evidence – even implicit – of appropriate source being referenced Evidence (even implicit) of some referencing of appropriate sources Plenty of explicit evidence of appropriately referenced research Uses written language which is clear, accurate and appropriate to the task Numerous errors